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604 Immuno/Microbio - Exam 1 > 1.4 Antibody Diversity > Flashcards

1.4 Antibody Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What region of the antibody binds the antigen?

A

Hypervariable region

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2
Q

What is a hinge region?

A

Allows antibody to bend and properly bind to a unique epitope

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3
Q

Examples of immunoglobin classes

A

IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE

  • Different classes due to heavy chain
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4
Q

Light chains can either be __

A

Kappa or Lambda

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5
Q

Antibody structure characteristics

A

Compact, folded, and stable

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6
Q

Hypervariable regions are ___

A

At the tip of antibody that binds the antigen

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7
Q

What does antigen binding site diversity allow for?

A

Allows antibody to bind to any type of foreign structures

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8
Q

Binding of antibody molecule with antigen’s is a ___ bond

A

Noncovalent bond

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9
Q

Explain multiple antigen with different epitopes

A

Antigen can have different unique epitopes along it that different antibodies can bind to

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10
Q

Describe multivalent antigen with a repeated epitope

A

antigen has 1+ of the same epitope

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11
Q

2 types of epitope structure

A

Linear and discontinuous epitope

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12
Q

Describe linear epitope

A

Antibody recognized several amino acids in a row

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13
Q

Describe discontinuous epitope

A

2 regions interact to form a discontinuous epitope

- If you denature the protein, you’d destroy 3D protein structure and destroy its antigenic stimulation

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14
Q

Variable regions

A

Vh

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15
Q

Diverse regions

A

Dh

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16
Q

Joining regions

A

Jh

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17
Q

Heavy-chain locus regions and chromosome number

A

V-D-J

Chromosome 14

18
Q

Lambda light chain locus chromosome number

A

22

19
Q

Kappa light-chain locus chromosome number

A

2

20
Q

Describe somatic recombination

A
  • Occurs during maturation process of B cells in bone marrow

- DNA is looped out and lost and V, J, and C are combined

21
Q

Process of recombination and 12/23 rule

A

12 chromosome is next to V
23 chromosome is next to J

RAG protein recognized chromosome 23 and 12 –> 23 and 12 are pulled together by RAG protein –> looped chromosomes are clipped off –> somatic recombination

22
Q

Steps for junctional diversity

A
  1. Nuclease w/ RAG complex clips the heptamer
  2. Backbone forms a loop and creates DNA hairpins
  3. RAG opens hairpins by nicking one strand of DNA
  4. Creates palindromic P-nucleotides
  5. TdT lays down nucleotides
  6. Homology forms and ends are removed
  7. Gaps are filled by DNA synthesis
23
Q

Overview of junctional diversity

A

D gene is joined to J gene with random nucleotides in the middle
- Encodes different proteins everytime

24
Q

Why can the unique junctional complex cause problems?

A

You may or may not be able to transcribe L –> VDJ –> constant region (Cgamma)

25
Q

Define allelic exclusion

A

Only 1 heavy chain and 1 light chain gene expressed per cell

- Heavy and light chain must work together to provide unique antigen specificity for each B lyn

25
Q

Define allelic exclusion

A

Only 1 heavy chain and 1 light chain gene expressed per cell

  • Heavy and light chain must work together to provide unique antigen specificity for each B lymphocyte
  • Single antigen specificity per cell
26
Q

What binds next to the B-cell receptor before the antigen binds?

A

Signaling proteins
IgBeat
Igalpha

27
Q

Define naive B-cells

A

B cellss that are fully maturated but haven’t been stimulated by antigen

28
Q

Describe IgM and IgG

A
  • They’re signaling proteins that say the cells are mature and have a functional B cell
  • Added after somatic recombination
29
Q

Once B cells mature it leaves the ___ and goes to the ___ to see if there’s antigens to interact with

A

Bone marrow

Lymph nodes

30
Q

Describe secreted IgM

A

Once IgM is stimulated by binding of antigen to surface, it switches from a C-terminus for transmembrane IgM to a C-terminus for secreted IgM
- This is done through RNA splicing

31
Q

Hypermutation ___ variability

A

Increases

  • Antibody affinity for antigen increases after stimulation of VJ or VDJ region is put through to hypermutation
  • Hypermutation produces a molecule that binds antigen better
32
Q

Hypermutations are induced by

A

Activation-induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID)

33
Q

Secreted IgM is a ___

A

Pentamer

- 5 IgM molecules are hooked together by a J chain

34
Q

Describe the process for switch sequences

A
  1. IgM and IgD are produced
  2. AID targets the S switch regions
  3. DNA in those switch regions is nicked
  4. DNA is looped and recombination
  5. IgG1 produced
35
Q

The primary component in classical system of complement is

A

IgM

36
Q

IgD doesn’t do anything, except

A

Get on the surface of naive unstimulated but mature B cells for cotranscription

37
Q

Most abundant Ig in neutralization, opsonization, sensitization for killing by NK cells, sensitization of mast cells, and activation of complement system

A

Neutralization = IgG
Opsonization = IgG
Sensitization for killing by NK cells = IgG
Sensitization of mast cells = IgE
Activation of complement system = IgM and IgG

38
Q

Ig in the following properties: Transport across epithelium, transport across placenta, diffusion into extravascular sites, and mean serum level

A

Transport across epithelium = IgA
Transport across placenta = IgG
Diffusion into extravascular sites = IgG and IgA
Mean serum level = IgG

39
Q

IgA exists as a ___ on mucosal surfaces

A

Dimer

- has a joining chain

604 Immuno/Microbio - Exam 1 (5 decks)

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