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604 Immuno/Microbio - Exam 1 > 1.3 Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

1.3 Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  • Slow response
  • Recognizes unlimited structures
  • Improves with time
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2
Q

Steps for initiation of adaptive immune response

A
  1. Pathogens on epithelium
  2. Pathogens enter skin
  3. Macrophages and neutrophils start eating bacteria and produce cytokines
  4. Dendritic cell picks up antigen and runs to lymphocite
  5. Dendritic cell has interaction with B and T cells and antibodies are released into blood
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3
Q

Structure of B-cell receptor (surface immunoglobin)

A

2 light chains with heavy chain

Antigen binding site

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4
Q

What is this?

A

Structure of Antibody

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5
Q

Structure of T cell receptor

A

Alpha and beta chain and anchored to T cell

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6
Q

Define epitopes

A

Site at which unique antibodies can bind

- an antigen can have multiple epitopes where an antibody can bind

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7
Q

Process for genetic rearrangements

A
  1. Germline configuration (V1, V2, J1, and J2 are separated)
  2. Somatic recombination (unique V regions are combined with unique J regions)
  3. Rearranged gene (excised DNA is chopped out and VJ genes are pasted together
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8
Q

Progenitor cells give rise to

A

Large number of lymphocytes (B and T cells)

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9
Q

Describe clonal selection

A

Pathogen reactive lymphocytes created are triggered to divide and proliferate and pathogen activated lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells that can eliminate pathogen

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10
Q

Steps for B cell removing toxins

A
  1. Toxins released into body by pathogens and interact with host receptor
  2. Antibodies form a latice network with toxin and neutralize it
  3. Tail of antibody interacts with receptor on cell
  4. Endocytosis and degradation of antibody toxin complex
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11
Q

Steps for B cell uptake of pathogens

A
  1. Bacteria in extracellular space
  2. Antibodies bind to bacteria (opsonization) OR some antibodies surround bacteria + complement
  3. Antibody tail interacts with receptor on cell OR antibody + complement binds to receptor of complement
  4. Ingestion and destruction of phagocyte
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12
Q

Class specific binding

A

Class of antibody refers to the heavy chain constant region

Ex: IgM and IgG

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13
Q

What is the first antibody class made against an infecting pathogen?

A

IgM

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14
Q

___ selects for antibodies that bind more tightly to the pathogen

A

Somatic hypermutation

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15
Q

T cells regulate the ___

A

Immune response

  • How it goes up and down and what’s done
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16
Q

How do T cells function?

A

Make contact with other cells and induce them to change

17
Q

Steps when CD8 T cell is involved

A
  1. CD8 T cell interacts with receptor on surface of viral infected cell
  2. Stimulates CD8 to induce apoptosis
18
Q

What are the 2 scenarios for when a CD4 T cell is involved?

A

Scenario 1:

  1. CD4 T cell recognizes receptor on surface of macrophage
  2. Interaction produces cytokines
  3. Cytokines activate macrophage and it does a respiratory burst to chew up bacteria and produce cytokines

Scenario 2:

  1. CD4 T cell interacts with a B cell receptor
  2. Produces cytokines
  3. B cell now becomes plasma cell and secretes antibodies
19
Q

Describe dendritic cells

A
  • A type of macrophage
  • Exists under surface of skin or mucosal layers
  • Grabs invaders in body and carries them to lymph node to see if they can find a T or B cell to interact with
20
Q

Steps for antigen presentation by the dendritic cell to the T-cells

A
  1. Dendritic cell takes up pathogen
  2. Travels to lymph node, and pathogen is taken apart in dendritic cell
  3. Pathogen proteins are cut into small peptides
  4. Peptides bind to MHC molecules and complex goes to surface of dendritic cell
  5. T-cell receptors bind to peptide:MHC complex on dendritic surface
21
Q

MHC molecules are involved in ___ recognition

A

Antigen

22
Q

MHC class I coreceptor

A

CD8

23
Q

MHC class II coreceptor

A

CD4

24
Q

Steps for MHC II protecting against antigens and activating macrophages:

A
  1. Macrophage engulfs bacteria and produces peptides
  2. Peptides bind to MHC class II
  3. Transported by MHC class II to cell surface
  4. Helper T cells recognize complex and activates macrophage
25
Q

Steps for MHC II protecting against antigens and activating B cells:

A
  1. Antibodies (cell surface immunoglobins) bind to bacteria, it’s engulfed into B cell and peptides are produced
  2. Peptides bind to MHC class II
  3. MHC class II transports complex to B cell surface
  4. Helper T cells recognize complex and activates B cells
26
Q

Where are MHC I molecules found?

A

Most cells within the body, EXCEPT RBC

27
Q

Where are MHC II molecules found?

A

Only B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells

- All antigen presenting cells (APCs)

28
Q

Can mature T cells be only CD4 or CD8, or can they be both?

A

Not both, only 1

29
Q

Steps for MHC I protecting against intracellular antigens:

A
  1. Virus infects cell
  2. Viral proteins are made in cytoplasm
  3. Peptide fragments of protein are bound to MHC I in ER
  4. Complex is transported by MHC class I to cell surface
  5. Cytotoxic T cells recognize complex and kill infected cell
30
Q

Steps for clonal selection with T-cell self antigens:

A
  1. Hemapoetic stem cells in the bone marrow produce immature T cells
  2. Immature T cells are released into blood and go to thymus
  3. T cells are positively selected for MHC markers on cell surface
  4. The ones w/o correct marker go to thymus and interact with cortex and fade away AND cells with correct marker are positively selected and stimulated to divide
  5. T cells interact with thymic medulla
  6. If pos. selected cells are interacting, binding and recognizing self antigens, then those cells die and are negatively selected
  7. Those that survive negative selection leave the thymus for circulation
31
Q

Steps for of unwanted adaptive immunity response in childhood virus:

A
  1. Immune response reacting to viral infection and makes Tc cells
  2. T cell may react with MHC:peptide complex on the surface of healthy B cells
  3. Activated T cells attack and kill pancreatic B cells
32
Q

How does pollen trigger an unwanted adaptive immunity response?

A

Produces symptoms of respiratory infection through IgE of mast cells

604 Immuno/Microbio - Exam 1 (5 decks)

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