14/02

Question 1

What are causes of acute interstitial nephritis?

Answer 1

Accounts for 25% of drug induced AKI

Penicillin
Rifampicin
NSAIDs
Allopurinol 
Furosemide
SLE
Sarcoidosis
Sjogrens
Staph infection

Question 2

What are features of acute interstitial nephritis?

Answer 2

Fever
Rash
Arthralgia
Eosinophilia
HTN
Mild renal impairment

Question 3

In patients with CKD what should be given if they are experiencing excessive proteinuria?

Answer 3

ACEi

Question 4

What is the emergency management of hyperkalaemia?

Answer 4

If K+ >6.5 OR ECG changes suggestive of hyperkalaemia

IV calcium gluconate to protect heart
IV insulin and dextrose infusion- to push potassium back into cells

Question 5

What is further management of hyperkalaemia?

Answer 5

Stop any offending drugs e.g. ACEi
Treat underlying cause
Increase potassium excretion
-diuretics
-calcium resonium
-dialysis

Question 6

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Answer 6

Minimal change disease

Question 7

What is the management of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 7

Oral prednisolone

Oral cyclophosphamide can be used if no response to prednisolone

Question 8

How long does it take for an arteriovenous fistula to form for dialysis?

Answer 8

6-8weeks

Question 9

What is anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (goodpasture’s disease)?

Answer 9

Small vessel vasculitis with pulmonary haemorrhage and rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis

Question 10

What are features of goodpastures?

Answer 10

Pulmonary haemorrhage e.g. blood stained sputum
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
-rapid onset AKI
-proteinuria and haematuria

Question 11

What are features of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 11

Early satiety
Abdo pain
HTN
Recurrent UTIs
Renal stones
Haematuria
CKD

Question 12

What are extra renal features of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 12

Liver cysts- can cause hepatomegaly
Berry aneurysms
Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic dissection
Cysts in other parts of body

Question 13

What are causes of hyperchloraemic (normal anion gap) metabolic acidosis?

Answer 13

GI bicarbonate loss e.g. diarrhoea
Renal tubular acidosis
Drugs e.g. acetazolamide
Addison’s disease

Question 14

What are causes of a raised anion gap metabolic acidosis?

Answer 14

DKA
Shock
Hypoxia
Renal failure
Methanol poisoning or salicylate poisoning 
Chronic paracetamol use

Question 15

What is the triad of renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 15

Loin pain
Haematuria
Abdo mass