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Geography 139 > 139 exam 1 > Flashcards

139 exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Principles of geologic time scale

A

Hierarchical series of time intervals:
• Eons (largest)
• Eras (i.e. Cenozoic)
• Periods (i.e. Holocene)

o How do you know when to start a new time period?

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2
Q

Define anthropocene

A

‘the age of man/people’

Have we entered a new time period?

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3
Q

Proposed anthropocene markers

A

Physical markers:
The land—urban transformations

Changing seas: marine life
• Fishing issue with cod
• New fishing technology brings price of fish down, but destroys other marine life
• Oceans are warming (increases acidity
• ‘Mapping dead zones’ (dropping off of chemical compounds at end of river deltas)

The sixth mass extinction
• 11,575 species are extinct in world

Atmosphere
• Human impacts of atmosphere are significant:
o Temperature change, spike in methane, etc

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4
Q

Problems with proposed anthropocene markers

A

o The atomic age—crazy amounts of cesium
o The age of consumption—and plastic
o Ultimately our taxonomies don’t matter

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5
Q

Define core

A

where capital and power have a disproportionate role

• High profit, value-added goods

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6
Q

Define semi-periphery

A

facilitates geographic interaction and exploits core-periphery tensions

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7
Q

Define periphery

A

develop dependencies on core

• Low wages and raw materials

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8
Q

Structure of feudal system

A

Develops b/c only thing the king could do was to enter in these relationships
o Relationships
• King gives charters to merchants who live in town
• Give peasants ability to make money and be king’s army for a bit
• King gives titles to nobles in the country
• Nobles take control of peasants (corvee = labor) and then will be solider to king after able to work for nobles
o **Giving access to these things in order to obtain an army

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9
Q

Origins of feudal system

A

o The collapse of Carolingian Empire (888 AD)
• When Charlemagne dies, kingdom is split into three parts → competing services
o Norman conquest of England (1066 AD)
• Great political instability
• Viking raiders and traders
• Expansion of Islam

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10
Q

the Feudal Crisis

A

o Market population flux with agricultural stagnation
o Economic contraction (especially with gold) → no increase in wealth
o Feudal class conflicts
o Titles, privileges, and inheritance
o Warfare → many are small, but significant
o Balkanization
o Rise of coin in mercantile towns and decline of corvee–now competition of labor; without peasantry, whole system collapses

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11
Q

Conditions favoring constitutional monarchies and cores in NW Europe

A

o Strong central gov’ts
o Extensive bureaucracies
o Large mercenary armies—relationship between people in towns and army
o Taxes
o Town-dwellers, trade, and mean of production
o Population homogenization policies
o Landless wage earners and landless nobles
o Ports—facilitates long distance trade
o Geography of ports during ‘age of discovery’—access to New World

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12
Q

Second Agricultural Revolution

A

o Fallowing was replaced by rotation
o Food security = very powerful and revolutionary
o The manorial system—All legal and economic power belonged to the lord of the manor, who was supported economically from his land and from contributions from the peasant population under his authority.

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13
Q

Columbian encounter

A

Columbus encounters New World

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14
Q

Vegetation composition vs. vegetation structure

A

Composition: species present
Structure: vertical and horizontal distribution of species

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15
Q

Vegetation is correlated with…

A 
Climate
Topography--influences of sun and water
Soil--water availability, plant/food growth
Animals
Disturbance
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16
Q

Define disturbance

A

o Freeing resources made available by other factors
o i.e. fire, any natural disaster
o 3 important factors: type, frequency, and magnitude
o Disturbance leads to succession

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17
Q

Define succession

A

o The gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established

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18
Q

Succession and environmental management (trends?)

A
  • Biomass—increases steadily and then levels off
  • Net productivity—increases rapidly and then levels off
  • Biodiversity (# of species)—increase quickly, but then declines
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19
Q

Keystone species

A 
Humans are a keystone species; humanized landscape
•	Hunting
•	Fishing
•	Fire—burned landscape often
Why?
•	Subsistence
•	Game drives (warfare)
•	Facilitates travel
•	Insect/pest management
•	“Honor ancestors” by “cleaning up land”
•	Established territory
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20
Q

American Indian activities and creation of Eastern Northern American landscape

A

o Fire
o Gathering (of resources) → ‘hunting and gathering’
o Arboriculture—planting for food, craft, and medicine (specialized uses)
o Crop domestication
o Pan-continental trade (i.e. in Wisconsin, produced alligator teeth)

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21
Q

Columbian exchange (examples?)

A

o To old world: turkey, tobacco, vanilla, tomatoes, corn, etc. → raw materials
o To new world: grains, onions, bananas, coffee beans, DISEASE, etc. → finished goods

22
Q

Ecological/biological imperialism (examples?)

A

o Introduction of pigs—damage of crops, stock, and property; transmits disease
o Introduced dandelions, weeds, honeybees, earthworms
o All made it very difficult for natives since all affected ecosystem differently than what they knew

23
Q

Historical wilderness and Apostle Islands

A 
o	Wilderness is untouched by human hands
•	But many of the places we called wilderness have great human impacts
•	Tension
•	Boating, Native Indians, hunting, etc.
o	How do you manage wilderness?
24
Q

Define triangle trade (examples?)

A

o Includes North America, Europe, and Africa
• From New World: whale oil, lumber, rice, tobacco, sugar
• From Old World: manufactured goods, guns, cloth, beer
• From Africa: gold, ivory, spices, slaves → CHEAP LABOR

25
Q

Triangle trade and core formation

A
  • Western Europe (New World) becomes core country
  • Dependency of core-periphery theory
  • Primacy economic activity in peripheries—resource extraction
  • Secondary economic activity in core—processing of raw materials
26
Q

Capital institutions and core formation

A

o Central banks and exchanges
• Regulate and control supply of capital
• Set up rules for capital
o First international corporation

27
Q

Examples of early colonial governance

A

Nature and property and territory:
• Common property resources are owned and managed collectively

“The Regulated Commons”:
• Get 1st laws for access and use of environment
• MA Fence Laws (1642): farmers must enclose crops to prevent animal damage
• Predator bounties
• MA (1645): levied tax on all livestock owners to fund predator bounties (wolves)
• The local control of nature and Indians
• Local deer hunting seasons
• Banishment of ‘diabolical waste’ (100 moose in Lancaster, NH)

28
Q

Reasons for early colonial governance

A

o Investing—Fish committee (1803 in Maine) to regulate fishing
o Competing industries for same resource

29
Q

Conditions favoring industrial revolution in England

A 
o	Good roads
o	Investments of canals
o	Navigable rivers
o	Steam engines
o	Trains
o	Close to coal and iron deposits
30
Q

Social consequences of industrial revolution

A
  • Child labor

* Public health

31
Q

Environmental consequences of industrial revolution

A
  • Abominably filthy; waters black as ink
  • Air pollution out of control
  • Poor sanitation
  • Mills on the Niagara River
32
Q

Value-added production and segregation of environmental benefits and burdens

A

o Forest (nature’s gift) → logs (value added—labor) → lumber mill –(value added—labor, utility, exchange)→ merchant* → market*

  • Capital creation and accumulation
33
Q

3 types of environmental groups that coalesced in late 19th century

A

Urban environmentalists, sportsmen, preservationalists

34
Q

Results of urban environmentalists

A

NYC
• Municipal Waste Collection and Incineration (1885)
• Recycling (1898)
Chicago
• Sewers and Public Health (1852)
• Reversal of Chicago River (1871-1900)
Human health
• Alice Hamilton and Jane Cunningham Croly
• People needed access to nature
Central park (1851-1859)
• Sets stage for urban parks and urban access to nature

35
Q

Results of sportsmen

A
  • The Fall and Rise of Local Game Law
  • US Commission on fish and fisheries (1871)
  • The Appalachian Mountain Club and White Mountains
  • Migratory bird Treaty Act (1916)
36
Q

Results of preservationists

A
  • Yellowstone National Park (1872)

* Yosemite: CA Reserve and National Park

37
Q

Environmental accomplishments of Square Deal

A 
o	Wildlife Reserve System (1903)
•	53 National wildlife refugees
o	US Forest Service (1905)
•	118 forest reserves (109 million acres)
o	**Shift: nature of a public service
•	Food and Drug Administration (1906)
•	The Antiquities Act (1906)
•	16 national movements—Grand Canyon
•	Five national parks
38
Q

Environmental accomplishments of New Deal

A

o Creation of Civil Conservation Corps (CCC)–Over 3 billion trees planted; infrastructure of parks improved; water conservation
o Creation of Soil Erosion Service (1933)—due to Dust Bowl

39
Q

The land ethic

A

Aldo Leopold understood that ethics direct individuals to cooperate with each other for the mutual benefit of all. One of his philosophical achievements was the idea that this ‘community’ should be enlarged to include non-human elements such as soils, waters, plants, and animals, “or collectively: the land.”

40
Q

DDT and bioaccumulation

A

o Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

o Bottom of food chain is not affected, but upper part was (i.e. birds)

41
Q

Clean Air vs. Clean Water Acts

A 
Success vs. failure:
Air
•	To protect and enhance quality of air
•	Data adaptive
•	6 elements: CO, SO2, ozone, NO2, ozone, and volatile organic compounds

Water
• Regulations fell far short of what was needed (i.e. no groundwater protection)

42
Q

“Command and control” vs. market based policy

A

Commands
– Agencies draft regulations dictating behavior
• Regulations are detailed & universalistic

Controls
– Agencies develop means for enforcing regulations
– Sanctions & punishments for failure to obey regulations

43
Q

Globalization and de-territorialization of production

A

.

44
Q

Montreal protocols vs. Kyoto protocols

A

Success vs. failure:
Montreal
• Problem: ozone hole
• Consequences: immediate affect of phytoplankton and skin cancer
• Results: 197 countries reduced production of chlorofluorocarbons
• Technological solution: changed to producing HCFC and HFC

Kyoto
• Problem: increased production of carbon dioxide, leading to Earth’s temperature increase
• Consequences:
• Increase of Earth’s average temperature
• Influence patterns ad amounts of precipitation
• Reduce ice and snow cover
• Rise of sea level
• Increase in acidity of waters/seas
• Results: since Kyoto, matters have become MUCH worse; failure
• Nature of environmental threat is variable and far away/far off
• Consequences are poorly understood by public (i.e. USA)
• Science is known, but not simple
• No simple solution

45
Q

Define ecosystem services

A

o Services beyond the cost of obtaining nature’s gift

46
Q

Types of ecosystem services

A

o Provisioning services—water, medicine, raw materials, air
o Regulating services—flood defense, erosion protection, pollination
o Supporting services—habitat diversity, genetic diversity
o Cultural ecosystem services—(eco) tourism, real estate and natural resources, entertainment and nature, cultural inspiration

47
Q

Ecosystem service valuation

A

o How to value an ecosystem service?

48
Q

Four types of valuation

A

o Direct benefits—immediate value; replacement costs
o Indirect benefits—positive externalities (i.e. student at UW)
o Future option value—future exchanged and utility (i.e. Velcro)
o Aesthetic and inspiration value (i.e. standing over Grand Canyon)

49
Q

Promise and limits of natural capital

A

.

50
Q

Environmental law vs. regulation

A

LAW
Federal laws generally apply to people living in the United States and its territories.
Congress creates and passes bills. The President then signs those bills into law. Federal courts may review these laws and strike them down if they think they do not agree with the U.S. Constitution.

REGULATION
Regulations are issued by federal agencies, boards, or commissions. They explain how the agency intends to carry out a law.

Geography 139 (3 decks)

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