[13.5] environmental issues of fertilisers Flashcards

environmental issues concerning use of nitrogen-containing fertilisers

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1
Q

what are 3 environmental issues concerning use of nitrogen-containing fertilisers?

A
  1. reduced species diversity
  2. leaching
  3. eutrophication
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2
Q

how do nitrogen-containing fertilisers lead to reduced species diversity?

A
  • nitrogen-rich soils favour the growth of rapidly growing species (eg. grasses, nettles)
  • they out-compete many species, which die as a result
  • some communities only survive when soil nitrogen concs are low enough to allow other species to compete with the grasses
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3
Q

what is leaching?

A

the process by which nutrients are removed from the soil

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4
Q

why is leaching an issue?

A
  • rainwater will dissolve soluble nutrients eg. NO₃⁻ and carry them deep into the soil, eventually beyond the reach of plant roots
  • leached NO₃⁻ will find their way into watercourses eg. streams and rivers, that may drain into freshwater lakes
  • harmful effect on humans if river or lake is a source of drinking water
  • leached NO₃⁻ are also harmful to the environment as they can cause eutrophication
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5
Q

what is the effect of very high nitrate ion concentrations in drinking water for people?

A
  • prevents efficient oxygen transport in babies
  • link to stomach cancer in humans has been suggested
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6
Q

what is eutrophication?

A

process by which nutrient concentrations increase in bodies of water

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7
Q

what is eutrophication caused by?

A
  • mainly leaching of artificial fertilisers into watercourses
  • organic manures, animal slurry, human sewage, ploughing old grassland can also contribute
  • natural process that occurs mostly in freshwater lakes and lower reaches of rivers
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8
Q

describe the process of eutrophication

LF = limiting factor, P&A = plants and algae, ARO = aerobic organism, ANO = anaerobic organism, saprobiontic bacteria = SB, decaying organisms = DO

A
  1. most watercourses have ⭣ [NO₃⁻], LF for P&A growth
  2. [NO₃)]⁻ ⭡ due to leaching, now ✗ LF for P&A growth. P&A pops ⭡
  3. algae mostly grow at surface, ⭡ layers = densely populated with A (algal bloom, AB)
  4. AB absorbs light. prevents it penetrating to ⭣ depths
  5. light = LF 4 P&A at ⭣ depths. they die
  6. lack of dead P&A no longer LF for growth of SB. SB pops ⭡; dead O = food
  7. SB need O₂ for resp, ⭡ demand
  8. [O₂] in water ⭣, NO₃⁻ released from DO
  9. O₂ = LF for ARO eg. fish. die when all O₂ used up
  10. no ARO so ⭣ comp for ANO. ANO pops ⭡
  11. ANO further decompose dead material, releasing ⭡ NO₃⁻. water = putrid
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