[11.2] the light-dependent reaction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the purpose of the light energy captured in the LDR?

A
  • to add Pi to ADP, making ATP
  • to split water into H+ ions (protons) and OH- ions
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2
Q

what is photolysis?

A

splitting due to light

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3
Q

where does the LDR take place?

A

membrane of thylakoid

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4
Q

describe the process of photoionisation

A
  1. chlorophyll molecule absorbs light energy
  2. energy of pair of electrons in this chlorophyll is boosted, raising them to a higher level (excited state)
  3. electrons become so energetic that they leave chlorophyll molecule altogether
  4. chlorophyll molecule becomes ionised
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5
Q

what is oxidised and reduced after photoionisation?

A
  • chlorophyll molecule is oxidised as it lost a pair of electrons
  • electron carrier is reduced as it has gained electrons
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6
Q

what happens after the electrons leave the chlorophyll molecule?

A
  1. electrons are taken up by an electron carrier
  2. electrons are passed along a number of electron carriers in a series of redox reactions
  3. electron carriers form a transfer chain
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7
Q

how do electrons lose their energy at each stage?

A

each new carrier is at a slightly lower energy level than the previous one in the chain

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8
Q

what is some of the energy lost from electrons used for?

A

to combine a Pi with ADP to make ATP

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9
Q

describe chemiosmotic theory

A
  • each thylakoid is an enclosed chamber into which protons (H+) are pumped from stroma using protein pumps in TM
  • energy for this process is from electrons, released in photolysis
  • photolysis of water also produces protons, further increasing their conc in the TS
  • overall, this creates and maintains a conc grad of protons across the TM. high conc inside TS, low conc in stroma
  • protons can only cross TM through ATP synthase channel proteins
  • as the protons pass through ATP synthase channels, they cause changes to the structure of the enzyme
  • this catalyses the combination of ADP with Pi to form ATP
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10
Q

describe the photolysis of water

A
  • loss of electrosn when light strikes a chlorophyll molecules leaves it short of electrons
  • electrons must be replaced if the chlorophyll molecule is to continue absorbing light energy
  • replacement electrons are provided from water molecules that are split using light energy
  • this photolysis of water also yields protons
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11
Q

what is the equation for the photolysis of water?

A

2H₂O ➞ 4H⁺ + 4e⁻ + O₂

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12
Q

what happens to the protons released from photolysis?

A
  • pass out of TS through ATP synthase channels
  • taken up by an electron carrier NADP
  • when NADP takes up protons it becomes reduced
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13
Q

what happens to NADP?

A
  • main product of LDS
  • enters LIDR, taking electrons from chlorophyll molecules with it
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14
Q

why is reduced NADP important?

A

it is a further potential source of chemical energy to the plant

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15
Q

what happens to the oxgen produced during photolysis?

A
  • used in respiration
  • diffuses out of the leaf as a waste product of photosynthesis
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16
Q

how are chloroplasts structurally adapted to capture sunlight and carry out LDR?

A
  • TM provides large SA for the attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers and enzymes that carry out the LDR
  • network of proteins in grana hold the C in a very precise manner that allows maximum absorption of light
  • granal membranes that ATP synthase channels within them, which catalyse production of ATP
  • granal membranes are selectively permeable, which allows proton gradient to be established
  • C contain DNA and ribosomes so can quickly and easily manufacture some of the proteins involved in LDR