13 to 15: Osmoregulation Flashcards
How is the water balance maintained in the body?
What goes in the body must be used up or excreted. Eg diet, environment, behavior, thermoregulation
Input + production = utilization + output
Water gains: metabolic water
What is metabolic water
Water gains: metabolic water
Water generated as a result of oxidative phosphorylation
Ie carbs –> energy –> water
Dessert animals like small mice are highly dependent on metabolic water.
Eg camels store fat in their humps, to gain water they metabolism this fat
Water gains- preformed water
What is it and how do you get it?
It is water associated with food Ie dry seeds -5-10% Insects, meat 60-70% Green Pasture 80-90% What you eat will determine your preformed water intake
Water gains: electrolytes
By regulating their electrolyte concentration, cells can control their water content (through osmosis)
Main solutes:
K and HCO in intracellular fluid
Na and Cl in extracellular fluid
Electrolytes: classification of solutes
Distinguished by their effects on macromolecules
Perturbing:
-disrupt macromolecule functions
-Na, Cl, K, SO4+, charged amino acids
-known to increase the Km of an enzyme
Compatible:
-little effect
-polyols (glycerol, glucose) and uncharged amino acids
Counteracting:
-disrupt function on their own, but counteract disruptive effects of another solute when employed in combination
-urea disrupts and methylamines strengthen hydrophobic interactions; together there is little effect
How many moles in 9 grams of NaCl?
1 mole= 6.02 x 10^23 Then use: n=m/M Need molecular mass= 58.5 9/58.5 = .154 moles of NaCl
Molarity: number of moles of a solute psent in 1 litre of solution.
Calculate the concentration (mol/L) when 9 grams NaCl is dissolves in 1L of water
N=c/v????
If the NaCl dissociates it will be an electrolyte, because they are charged molecules
The total osmotic activity in a solution is the sum of the individual osmotic activities of ll solutes in the solution
What is the osmolarity if 0.9% NaCl
0.154mol Na + 0.154 mol of Cl etc etc refer tonsoide
What is the difference between non-electrolytes and electrolytes?
Calculating their osmoles
Non electrolytes:
Covalent bonds that prevent dissociation in solution, so that no electrically charged species occur when they dissolve in water (mostly organic molecules)
Number of osmoles = number of moles
Electrolytes:
-Chemical compounds that dissociate in water into ions, and because ions are charged, then electricity can be conducted
-typically include inorganic salts, inorganic and organic acids and bases, and some proteins
-number of osmoles = sum of the number of moles of each electrolyte
Ie (solid)NaCl + H2O –> (ions) Na+ + Cl-
The total osmotic activity in a solution is the sum of the individual osmotic activities of all the solutes in the solution.
What is the osmolarity of 0.9% NaCl
??? Will do in class
Outputs: Nitrogen excretion
When amino acids are oxidized or converted to other kinds of molecules, the amino (NH2) group must be removed.
- nitrogenous wastes are ammonia, urea, or Utica acid (they are toxic and must be broken down) they are excreted in 3 forms
1. Ammonia
2. Urea
3. Uric acid
Outputs: nitrogen excretion- ammonia
What are the advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
- direct end-product deanimation of amino acids, therefore the process requires no additional energy cost
- highly soluble in water
Disadvantages:
- very toxic- requires 400ml of water to dilute each gram to a non-toxic concentration
- must be excreted rapidly or converted to a less toxic form (eg uric acid or urea)
Outputs: nitrogen excretion- urea
What are the advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
- less toxic than ammonia, doesn’t need as much water to dilute it which makes it for better storage
- highly soluble: can be moderately concentrated to conserve water
Disadvantages:
- requires more energy to produce than ammonia does
- a fair amount of water needed for its storage and excretion
Outputs: nitrogen excretion -uric acid
What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages:
- can be produced in a concentrated crystal form which saves water
- low toxicity- 50x less water for storage and excretion at non toxic concentrations
- can be stored
Disadvantages:
-synthesis of uric acid requires more energy than urea synthesis
Vertebrate kidneys have 6 roles what are they?
-ion balance-osmotic balance
-blood pressure
Ph balance
Excretion
Hormone regulatio
One of the earliest signs of kidney failure in cats and dogs is incontinence what is it?
-kidney lose their ability to concentrate the urine effectively- reduced water reabsorption
How would you treat an animal with kidney failure?
-diet low in protein and phosphorus
Be able to label the kidney!
&)3?
Kidneys receive 20% of cardiac output
Outline the path of urine through a nephron
Blood flows in through the afferent artery into the glomerulus. Filtrate (water and solutes) is filtered out to continue down the nephron. It travels through the proximal convoluted tubule then into loop of Henley (which determines the concentration gradient). It then heads to the distal convoluted tubule it goes through selective reabsorption and secretion. Then collecting duct: ADH absent: no reabsorption =dilute urine. If ADH is present urine will be concentrated.
What happens in the proximal tubule
Massvreabsorption. Eg Na, Cl, k, glucose,naming acids, vitamins, urea, choline.
Osmoregulation: the concept of balance
How do we maintain homeostasis of water?
Input + production = utilisation + output
Input + production: oxidation water, water in food, drinking water
Utilisation + output: evaporation from lungs, evaporation from skin, water in faeces, water in urine
What happens in the loop of henle
Generates the interstitial concentration gradient
Need to finish these notes on kidney
Marine teleosts (bony fish) How about osmoconformers like sharks and rays? How do they survive in salt water? How about fresh water vertebrates?
Are hypotonic to their medium
- drink sea water at 1% of their body weight/hour
- chloride cells in their gills excreting salts
- kidney have very few or no glomeruli
- urine volume is very small
Osmoconformers:
-specialised rectal gland excreted excess salts
Freshwater vertebrates:
- don’t drink water, gain it from osmosis and produce bulk urine
- chloride cells in gills use active transport to pump salts into their body
Terrestrial vertebrates generally must conserve water.
Amphibians
- amphibians are highly dependant on water
- skin is permeable to water
- no loops of henle: so can’t concentrate urine
- tadpoles excrete ammonia
- adults excrete urea
Terrestrial vertebrates: reptiles
- have skin that is relatively resistant to water
- they loose most of their water from breathing
- so an adaption is that they have a low metabolic rate which gives them a low respiratory rates
