1.3 Synergistic Care of Patient's with Multi-System Complex Problems of Immunology Flashcards
Types of WBC
There are 5 types of WBC
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”
Neutrophils
- First to respond to inflammation
- Most abundant WBC
Antigen
- An antibody (immunoglobin) is a protein substance developed by the body in response to an antigen
Antibody and Antigen
- Antibodies destroy antigens by activation of a complement (what initiates the cascade). This attracts Killer T Cells and Macrophages.
- IT IS NOT JUST BINDING
Immune Response to Antigen
- Usually involves both humoral and cellular responses.
Immunoglobins
IgG - Activates the complement system (which initiates immune response). (Antibodies)
IgM - First to respond to an antigen
IgE - Allergies
IgA - In mucosal cells
IgD - B-Cell antigen receptor and B-Cell maintenance/maturation
Natural Killer Cells
- Target viruses and cancer
Immunomodulators
- Biological Response Modifiers
- Interferons
- Colony-Stimulating Factors
- Monoclonal Antibodies
Immune System (Humoral vs Cellular Response)
Humoral Response
- B-Cells which maturate in bone marrow and produce memory/plasma cells. Plasma cells become antibodies
Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Response
- T-Cells which maturate in the thymus. Regulator T-cells become helper and suppressor T-cells. Effector T-Cells become Cytotoxic T-Cells.
Immunity
- Body’s specific protective response to invading foreign agents/organisms
Central Lymphoid Tissue
- Bone Marrow and Thymus
Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue
- Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, Appendix, Adenoids Peyer Patches, Intestinal Lymphoid Tissue
Natural Immunity (Innate Immunity)
- Non-specific
- First line of defense against pathogens
INCLUDES
- Inflammatory Response
- WBC Action (Releasing cell mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and phagocytize foreign substances)
Acquired Immunity (Adaptive Immunity)
- Specific Against Foreign Antigens (body recognizes foreign invaders and elicits an immune response)
- Acquired through having a disease or vaccine (prior exposure to antigen)
- Involves T-cells and B-lymphocytes
- Targets a specific antigen
Active/Passive
- Active (Defenses that we develop within our own body and are long lasting)
- Passive (Temporary, borrowed immunity. These include when infant’s breastfeed or having an immunoglobin injection)
Innate Immunity
Neutrophils - Phagocytosis
Natural Killer Cells - Non-specific cellular antigen destruction (virus and cancer)
Dendritic Cells - Antigen presentation (marks antigens for specific immune response)
Monocytes - Become macrophages for phagocytosis
Adaptive Immunity
- These include B-cells and T-cells
B-Cells
Memory Cells - Rapid antibody response to subsequent antigen recognition
Plasma Cells - Secrete antibody IgG
T-Cells
Cytotoxic Cells - Specific cellular antigen destruction
Helper Cells - Activation of Cytotoxic Cells (antigen-specific T-cells)
Humoral Response
B-Lymphocytes
- Memory Cells
- Antibodies secreted from plasma cells IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
Primary Adaptive Immune Response
- Activation with first recognition of specific antigen
Secondary Adaptive Immune Response
- Reactivation with later recognition of same antigen
Cell-Mediated Response
- Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8)
- Helper T-Lymphocytes (CD4)
4 Stages of Immune Response
Stage 1 - Recognition
- Recognition of a foreign antigen
- Use of lymph nodes and lymphocytes for surveillance
- Lymphocytes circulate from blood to lymph node in a continuous cycle
- MARCOPHAGES HELP LYMPHOCYTES PROCESS ANTIGENS
- Macrophages and neutrophils have receptors for both antibodies and complements. They are attracted to antigens coated with either antibodies and complement which helps enhance phagocytosis.
Stage 2 - Proliferation Phase
- Circulating lymphocytes containing the antigenic message return to nearest lymph node
- This stimulates the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes turn into Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
B-Lymphocytes release antibodies (Plasma Cells)
Stage 3 - Response Stage
- Production of antibodies by B-lymphocytes (Plasma Cell) to respond to specific antigen
- Stimulation of lymphocytes to become T-cells
- Viral cells produce a cellular response (not bacterial)
- Both humoral and cellular responses are involved in the immune response but 1 usually predominates.
Stage 4 - Effector Stage
Humoral Immunity
- Production of antibodies
Cellular T-Cells
- Killing of antigen with cytotoxic T-cells
Immune Response to Invasion
Phagocytic Response
- WBC ingests foreign particles and destroys invading agents
- Apoptosis - Programmed cell death
Humoral/Antibody Response
- B-Lymphocyte response
Cellular Immune Response
- T-Lymphocyte cytotoxic t-cell response
Humoral Response
- Antigen Recognition (B-lymphocytes)
- Antibodies (defenders) (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgG) defend against foreign invaders.
- Agglutination is the process of opsonization (clumping together) which targets antibodies for destruction.
Cellular Immune Response
- T-cells directly attacking the invader
- Secretion of cytokines and the stimulation of the immune response
- Helper T-cells stimulate the immune response, Cytotoxic T-cells attack the foreign agent, suppressor T-cells suppress the immune system.
Null Cells
- Destroy antigen-coated antibodies
Complement System
- Circulating plasma proteins (made in the liver) is activated when an antibody and antigen bind together. (Important defense against microbes)
- Only 1 antibody can attach to a specific antigen
ACTIVATION PATHWAYS
Classic Pathway - Antigen/Antibody Complexes
MB-Lectin Pathway - Lectin binds to pathogen surface
Alternative Pathway - Pathogen Surfaces
Complement system recruits inflammatory cells, opsonization of pathogens (marking for destruction) and killing of pathogen.
