1.3 Society And Culture In Change, 1917-80

Question 1

How far did earlier immigration affect reactions to immigrants in the 1920s?

Answer 1

Before World War One had a ‘open door’ policy

Only three Acts to restrict them

170,000 immigrants every year entered USA

But due to huge industrialisation the number rose. In 1881 13% immigrants from southern and Eastern Europe, rose to 81% in 1907

Question 2

What was the Dillingham Commission?

Answer 2

Becoming more segregated, affect society and culture, USA very monoculture- scared of new political views, ‘racially inferior’- immigration acts in 1920s. Limits on numbers, felt they were not adapting like ‘old’ immigrants from Ireland, U.K. and Germany- influx from other areas

Question 3

Why legislate?

Answer 3

Dillingham report

Unemployment rising

Isolationism (post war)

Red Scare

Bombings by anarchists

Threat to WASPs

Question 4

What was the effect of immigration on the USA?

Answer 4

Competition

Migration as well as immigration

1910, 1.2% urban population black rose to 4.1% in 1920

Foreign born parents went from 74-85%

Exploit immigrants- Some there illegally so couldn’t demand for higher wages or better working conditions

400,000 Mexicans deported during Depression

Xenophobia- fear of other foreigners

Question 5

What immigration legislation was introduced in the 1920s?

Answer 5

1917 Immigration Act
1921 Emergency Quota Act
1924 Johnson-Reed Immigration Act
1929 National Origins Formula

Question 6

What did the 1917 Immigration Act say?

Answer 6

Literacy test

Increase in numbers claimed to be ‘undesirables’ such as mentally ill

Question 7

What is the 1921 Emergency Quota Act?

Answer 7

Restrict yearly number to 3% of total number of people from that country entering USA in 1910

Question 8

What is the 1924 Johnson Reed Immigration Act?

Answer 8

Changed to 2% from country of origin in 1890 consensus. Then changed again in 1927 number of immigrants fixed at 150,000 based on 1920 census

Question 9

What did the 1929 National Origins Formula say?

Answer 9

Confirmed the 150,000 as a limit and banned Asian immigrants altogether

Question 10

Why did attitudes toward immigration change?

Answer 10

Dillingham commission

Isolationism

The First Red Scare

Increased unemployment

Question 11

What did illegal immigrants mean for the USA?

Answer 11

Created competition for housing, jobs…

Filled the need to cheap labour eg: in California and Texas

Could exploit workers eg:pay them less, bad working conditions

But once the Depression hit there was more government intervention, many of the South American and Mexican immigrants they employed were replaced by American workers. Around 40,000 Mexicans deported during the Depression

Question 12

What is the impact of immigrants on urban life from 1919-1941?

Answer 12

Industry expanding- needed workers

Some went to places already where immigrants, family, friends were- clustered

Landed at Ellis Island

Most went to cities such as New York

Question 13

Why did people cluster, what was the reality of their new life? Give three examples of clusters

Answer 13

Little Italy

Ghettos

China town

Housing segregation, get worse, prioritise white people and familiarity

Crowded, bad jobs, poor infrastructure/living conditions, overlooked in society, no integrated- clear divide

Question 14

Give some examples of conditions in Little Italy, Ghettos and China Town

Answer 14

Little Italy- Italian speaking, shops. overcrowded, new ideas not welcome- segregated from society, Italian commodities

China Town- cheap products, Chinese festivals, Chinese shops, crowded.Biggest cultural difference

Ghettos- homeless, dead bodied/animals in streets, stacked/ terrace housing, no organisation, poverty, famine

Question 15

What is the melting pot/ soup idea?

Answer 15

Not a melting pot but a soup, still separate, living in own communities

‘Bottom of the heap’-worst jobs, living conditions, wages

Question 16

Why Democrat? What influence did immigrants have in politics?

Answer 16

Immigrants had an influence- starting to vote democrat because…

Appeal of New Deal with Roosevelt, shows he cares, will help with unemployment… particularly in urban areas

Hoover known for ‘Hoovervilles’-blamed for bad conditions

Immigrants having children in USA- having an impact, increasing population. Encouraged by parents to work hard and improve lives

Republic policies such as Laissez Faire didn’t help businesses, being worked too hard for little money, exploiting workers

Attitudes changing from politicians like Kennedy- liberal, keener to accept

Question 17

Immigration in the 1920s, impact with anti-communism and the Red Scare:

Answer 17

The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 had caused a spread of communism abroad

Publicised ness of communist activities in Russia and Germany were regularly circulated

The ‘red scare’ initiated a virtual witch hunt in political circles

Question 18

Impact of the communist revolution:

Answer 18

Anarchists planting bombs

Thought there was a conspiracy to undermine American Republic

Palmer raids

1920-Justice Department rounded up 6000 ‘aliens’

Tried to expel elected socialists from ranks

Palmer influenced personal hysteria

Prejudice, perversions of justice like immigration laws

1920 38 killed by bomb on Wall Street because of anarchists

Andrea Salsedo- denied rights, didn’t get fair trial (anarchist) , said ‘committed suicide’- covered up by government

Sacco and Vanzetti case

Question 19

Impact of the case Sacco and Vanzetti on Immigration:

Answer 19

15th April 1920

Gained national interest

Known anarchists (avoided military service, opposed war, supported strikes)

Questionable, circumstantial, flimsy evidence

Prejudice Judge Webster Thayer

‘America must be kept American’- president Coolidge

Witnesses didn’t speak English, denied rights, some evidence disregarded, punishment was excessive (15 years in prison then electrocuted)

But had huge international support

Riots in different countries such as Paris, Geneva, Berlin, Bremen, Hamburg and Stuttgart

Had divisions, cause célèbre

Demonstrated/ convinced politicians that ‘open door policy’ didn’t work, pressure from rural and small communities (most white Protestant American)

Question 20

What impact did the Second World War have on immigrants?

Answer 20

‘Enemy aliens’, Italian-14.2%, German-10.8%,Japanese fewer then 1% of population

Japanese treated most harshly

120,000 Japanese (75%) were in internment camps, property confiscated, only took what carried

Fewer then 1% of Germans and Italians interned (prisoner) had to obey strict regulations no matter who they were

Attitudes got worse as war progressed toward ‘enemy’ immigrant

Enemy aliens volunteered for US military

Men sent to fight in Europe not against Japan

Second generation Japanese men and women were allowed to join army but were segregated

Question 21

What did the 1940 Alien Registration Act say?

Answer 21

Requires non-citizens to register with federal government, ‘green card’ system. This meant if non-citizen has green card can live and work in the USA indefinitely. 1950- added a voting procedure, made sure it only went to ‘legal’ immigrants- processed by immigration service

Question 22

What did the 1948 Displaced Persons Act (extended in 1950) say?

Answer 22

allows 415,000 immigrants of people displaced over war years but had to be in quota limit- Truman failed to convince congress to create a separate quota/ admissions be separate by quota

Question 23

What did the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act/McCarran say?

Answer 23

Limits immigration to 150,000, meant 85% of immigrants come from northern and Western Europe, and allow 100,000 Asian immigrants, had a preference system for skilled workers, didn’t apply to Western Hemisphere

Question 24

What did the 1953 Refugee Relief Act say?

Answer 24

Extended 1948 and Displaced Persons Act, allowed 214000 refugees from Europe, outside of numerical limit

Question 25

What happened in 1954?

Answer 25

‘Operation wetback’ deporting illegal immigrants which was mostly Mexicans

Question 26

What did the 1957 Refugee Escape Act say?

Answer 26

Help those escaping communist countries

Question 27

What did the 1965 Immigration/ Nationality Act/hart -celler Act say?

Answer 27

Abolished the quotas, limits to 170,000 immigrants a year, allows more Asians, doesn’t apply to Western Hemisphere

Question 28

What did the 1966 Cuban Adjustment Act say?

Answer 28

Cubans entering after 1959 get citizenship

Question 29

What did the 1968 Armed Forces Naturalisation Act say?

Answer 29

Made anyone US citizen if fought in FWW, SWW, Korean or Vietnam war

Question 30

Lastly, what is the 1976 Immigration and Nationality Act expanded?

Answer 30

First time included the Western Hemisphere, 20,000 allowed

Question 31

What does this show about shifting attitudes at the time?

Answer 31

Those who followed conservatives felt that they were destroying culture

Liberal like Kennedy embraced them- adapt and accept

Republicans- want to restrict them

1970s- bad attitude to minorities, especially in economic hardship- seen as a drain eg: lost jobs, most were dependent on welfare which meant payments were spent on them

1980- Control both legal and illegal immigration, also had ideas of ‘nativism’ where they focus back on themselves, similar to ‘isolationism’

Carter administration handled things badly eg: officials couldn’t organise them, forced to live in awful conditions in refugee camps and prisons

Cuban government- sending boatful loads of refugees to Florida due to housing and job shortages

Question 32

What was the impact of the FWW on women?

Answer 32

Had more job opportunities but unequal pay

Fired when men came back

1920-19th Amendment which gave women right to vote and the League of Women Voters was set up

Not everyone benefitted from vote- few black women voted, poorer women didn’t vote or voted the way their husbands told them to

Question 33

How did the ‘Roaring Twenties’ affect women?

Answer 33

Household work was made quicker due to new consumer goods and electrical appliances

Beloved war to be an exception and the idea of a return to ‘normalcy’ included women turning back to more traditional roles

Mostly single, well off, white women that life changed for becoming ‘flappers’ and opportunities to build on war skills eg: typing pool

Most subjected like blacks to ‘last hired, first fired’ and paid less

The Women’s Bureau of Labour was set up in 1920 which campaigned for working conditions and wider employment

1910-1940 working women went up from 8.3% of population to 9.8%

Question 34

Who were the flappers?

Answer 34

They were more rebellious

Had a new style- lots of make up, silk, shirt dresses and hair

Smoke, drank and acted promiscuous

Acted like men going to dominant sporting events like boxing matches

No longer had escorts

Sexual freedom, independence, went to speakeasies

Some shocked eg: older women, more religious women- ‘Bible Belt’

Very small minority of population eg: poor women didn’t join in or black women

Employers made it hard, once married had to abandon flapper lifestyle

Question 35

What impact did the Great Depression have on women?

Answer 35

Affected class more then gender

1932 Women’s Bureau of Labour found 97% if them were Woking as only wage earner in the family or to boost husbands wage not necessarily because wanted to

Some thought the Women’s Bureau of Labour hindered Women’s progress by introducing working hours to no more then 10 hours, most forced to break rules on working hours as most industrial work required this. Some legislation wasn’t always successful as they pressed for things such as the minimum wage when the men had no minimum wage

Could apply for relief programmes but most states didn’t have them

Most of the regulations introduced also didn’t apply to women because it was directed at industrial work rather than agricultural and domestic

Migrants, backs, white men also competing for same jobs

Badly paid and bad conditions, found it hard to balance lifestyle and raise family (not much childcare)

Question 36

What was the impact of the New Deal?

Answer 36

Some benefits for poor families with the ‘New Deal’s Aid For Families with Dependent Children’

But m’en came first eg: in most alphabet agencies, CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps 1933-1942), 2.5 million young men employed

Eleanor Roosevelt also helped in 1933 setting up Camp Tera, this was funded by private donations, worked in forestry… Also held White House Conference for unemployed women, then federally funded

1936, 36 camps 5000 women a year but only took women for 2/3 months, no work or wages only trained in budget management

Black women suffered even worse, earned even less then white women

Fannie Peck (Black Women) set up Housewives Leagues in Detroit 1930 which encouraged women to shop in black stores and organise local help, spread to other towns. This helped on a local scale.

Question 37

What aid was created for families? What did New York State do?

Answer 37

1931 set up TERA (Temporary Emergency Relief Administration) which helped starving families

Flora Rose-Nationalist, out budget together for TERA which showed them how to feed a family of 5 for $5 a week. Eleanor Roosevelt publicised these

Not always had trained social workers, sympathy and political views varied

Question 38

What was the impact of the SWW?

Answer 38

1940 selective training and service Act- trained women, only 16% married women worked in 1940 but the 1941 Lanham Acts childcare provision was extended by 1944 130,000 in day care

Married women in workforce rose from 15-23%

Women’s land army of America reformed (FWW), also had ‘The Women’s Land Army Newsletter’

Labour Bureau estimated 3 million in agriculture in 1943

More opportunities for black women, could train for professions (shortages) but some employers refused and some employees too eg:refusing to share toilets

Question 39

What were the post war changes?

Answer 39

Men got jobs back, not re-employed

Federally funded day care centres closed in 1946

Half of women left jobs

Some widowed, divorces and separated women forced to work

Rose again as restrictions on married women working were lifted during war and not reinstated so rose from 10.1 in 1940 to 22.2 in 1950 (age group of 45-54 years)

Also been trained so continued their non-trade roles/jobs but most married white women employed before non-white

Changed attitudes towards married women

1936 82% of people thought married women should not work, in 1942only 13%

Acquired skills during war enabled them to work, developed appetite and attitude for work

Still laid lower and remained clerical, domestic or shop work

Hostility in work place for some, male dominance and was harder for black women

Question 40

What changes did suburban living make, 1941-60?

Answer 40

In commuting distance but socially segregated

Black Americans lived similar lives to white suburbs-segregated. Those who tried to integrate into white areas received backlash

In 1960 19 million more lived in suburbs then in 1950

Way of life-Schools, leisure facilities… similar across class and race

Suburbs had own social networks and social life, could be excluded from groups easily

Some had cleaners, maids and labour saving devices

Life shown as lifestyle to aspire to as part of the American Dream

Those who remained in cities were usually those who couldn’t afford to move out

Inner cities stuck-impossible to prevent, non-white ghettos grew, caused lots of racism, low educational standards and job opportunities-have to work really hard to change situation

Little Impact on rural areas, malls developed.Agricultural farms cut off physically and economically, more opportunities for urban women

Question 41

Give an example of suburban living:

Answer 41

Integrating a Pennsylvania suburb

In 1957 William and Daisy Myers bought a house in a white suburb, 3000 neighbours surrounded the house, threw stones at windows, burnt crosses but they stayed

State officials banned mobs forming but still faced abuse however some welcomed change. Daisy joined neighbourhood association if women and gave talks on how to integrate white suburbs

Question 42

Impact of the women’s liberation movement in politics of equality:

Answer 42

Kennedy-1961 set up commission of enquiry on the status of women

1963-Equal Pay Act

More job opportunities in federal government

However equal pay ace needed enforcing, discrimination in access to training, work and promotion

Generally had lower paid jobs eg:domestic/hotel work

Not enough dat care to work efficiently, Black women faced racial discrimination as well as sexism

Not encouraged (from a young age) in a careers but did encourage into higher education

1958- Education Act meant they introduced job counsellors to work with students buy there were only 12000 for all state schools in the USA, few in low income areas

Not trained-gave patchy/ dangerous advice, didn’t consider abilities/needs for girls to be counselled

1964- Civil Rights Act, sexual as well as racial equality but again gap between passing and enforcing law

Question 43

Who was Betty Friedan, how did she contribute to changes for women?

Answer 43

1963

Psychologist and journalist

Published a book called ‘The Feminine Mystique’ which showed constraints of suburban life and problems for white, educated married women

Sparked controversy, widely read and argued, even on television

Sparked movements like NOW in 1966 (Friedan was a founding member)

Worked with political system to try and get enforcement eg:held meetings, collected petitions and data, lobbied politicians (federal, state and local) for change

Book showed dissatisfaction of her generation of independent young women

Question 44

Name some significant women’s liberation organisations:

Answer 44

1966-NOW

1968-FEW, Federally Employed Women

1969-National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws

1971-National Women’s political Caucus

Question 45

Who were the young radicals? What did they do? What were the effects?

Answer 45

-second part of liberation movement, most under 30s, white, middle class, college educated
-many women in other movements such as SNCC and SDS but these movements often male dominant, sexist proposals ignored
-set up local, radical groups to get change instead National Magazine spread news from all groups, 1968 ‘Voice of the Women’s Liberation Movement’
-Rub by volunteers, selling 200 copies, then 2000 but its place but media focused more on extreme elements of feminism
-MLK complained focused too much on radicals arm of civil rights Movements in the 1960s, worked together
-NOW had smaller groups as well as the National Coalition of American Nuns- did strikes
-Took part in demonstrations, slogans ‘Don’t Iron White the Strike Is Hot’. Three demands:
➡️Equal opportunities in jobs and education
➡️Free children, community controlled
➡️free abortion on demand
-lots of publicity, membership of NOW rose over 50%, rose from 1000 in 1967 to 40,000 in 1974
-but some publicity came from men making fun of NOW campaigners
-1970 Kate Millers sexual politics looked at dominance of men in literature and attitudes to women critics ‘patriarchy’
-Gloria Steinem’s Ms Magazine looked at concerns of modern women
-Legislation only came with huge amounts of campaigning and publicity for the cause

Question 46

What opposition was there to the young radicals?

Answer 46

• some believed they went too far eg: all men the enemy
• conservatives rejected movement, strongly ‘un-Americans’ and abandonment of traditional roles
• 1960s liberalism declined, lost support like other liberal demands
• some particularly objected free contraception and abortion
• Group set up- stop ERA (‘stop taking our privileges’), campaign in 1972 and people like Phyllis shclafly
• ps was a conservative, opposed ideas of women’s liberation groups. As well as setting up stop ERA set up Eagle Forum, supported family valves, against equal rights and abortion. Ideas:
  1) Women designed to have babies
  2) Didn’t wang daughters to choose jobs eg:joining army
  3) Lose some tax and benefit privileges
• one reasons ERA not in 1980 in all states

Question 47

What were the gains and limits to advancement:

Answer 47

⭐️1967- President Johnson extended executive order to improve employment conditions
⭐️1970- a few state allowed abortion in specified circumstances
⭐️1972 Supreme Court ruled Eisenstadt v Bard case, allowed contraception to marries and unmarried women
⭐️1973 Roe v Wade- abortion federally legalised but rules on timing and health of mother
⭐️1972 Equal Rights Act, 1982- deadline for ratification (38 of 50 states). But by 1982, is states still refusing ERA even today not there
⭐️1979 did not sign up to UNs policy of non-discrimination against women
⭐️found ‘acceptable’ reasons to discriminate (employers)
⭐️women’s liberation movement disintegrated
⭐️why fail?
➡️not all women needed or wanted same things
➡️aims were similar but local issues varied
➡️many middle class whites women so didn’t represent all women eg: black, working class excluded
⭐️had to set up own campaigns eg: Congress of Labour Union Women, Mexican American women’s Organisation , National Alliance of Black Feminists

Question 48

The social impact of cinema, popular music and radio 1917-45= how can cinema influence a country/ culture?

Answer 48

• by 1971 they were the biggest entertainment media in USA
• by 1941 there were nearly 10,500,000 movie theatre seats, one seat fir every 12.5 people
• in 1930s 20 fan magazines, each with circulation of 200,000 to 1 million readers
• Early movie going had good economic implications, contemporary estimates theatres holding 175 people would make up to $300 a week (films shown in theatres, orchestra played music)
• gave the public an evening out, a ‘feature’ movie would come out at least twice a week in 1930s
• some gave refreshments like ice cream, popcorn
• started to move to areas that are smaller with smaller populations
• magazines idealised the lives of Hollywood stars
• gave people an escapism to feed their fans tasked and develop genre movies
• some idealised flapper women, many young women wanted to be like her, the ‘Clara bow’ haircut became popular

Question 49

What other services did cinemas offer other than entertainment?

Answer 49

Studio system:

• economic benefits
• 1930s and 40s 90% of all films worldwide came from Hollywood
• 8 companies that worked together- set budget, rating, controlling of stars and staff…
• cheapest B-movie (cartoon/ travelogue) budget $50,000- $100,000
• star studded movies- $200,000-$500,000 to make

Influence of the stars:

• Clara Bow in 1925 made 15 movies
• Clarke Gable another success, 8 in 1925, 12 in 1931
• had certain policies to remain public image eg: no homosexuality of male actors marrying-didn’t want female fans to be put off. Gossip magazines soon reported the reality of most stars-casual sex, parties, drugs,alcohol…
• Shirley Temple earned $5000 a week in 1930s, average wage was under $2000 a year- but only for big stars
• also advertises products, studios made deals with ‘sponsors’
• if blacklisted like SRs impossible to work anywhere else

Service to people:

• escapism
• entertainment/ fun

Question 50

How does race fall into cinema?

Answer 50

• Black people sat in separate parts of movie theatres and in south completely different theatres all together
• wouldn’t be seen in films

Question 51

How can cinema be argued to be a bad influence?

Answer 51

• towards end of 1920s some complaints eg: female stars too scantily dressed, drank, smoke while some said gangster genre made crime and violence attractive
• scandals with stars- government forced to step in-produced the Motion Picture Production code (Hays code). From 1930-1966 all movies conformed to a code, idea that films should show good morality and influence the improvement of society
• studios began to develop ‘morality clause’ in contracts of the stars, had to sign up to good living
• hays code eg: no swearing, not even ‘damn’, drug trafficking should never be shown, nor methods of smuggling

Question 52

Why was there a drop in attendance in 1950?

Answer 52

• there was huge expansion in popular culture specifically television
• this meant more people watched television at home, became more personal to them eg: pre-record things, plus more freedom to television companies and shape the message they wanted to give the public

Question 53

What was the negative impact of the cinema?

Answer 53

• portrayed bad lifestyles such as alcohol, parties…

- too much control by the government and advertisement

Question 54

Name three features of the Hays code:

Answer 54

1) Family life should be portrayed as a good thing eg: no adultery unless had to be in for plot and if so show badly
2) No swearing, not even ‘damn’
3) No nudity, no undressing, no indecent exposure

Question 55

Positives of the expansion of the radio:

Answer 55

• 1920- first commercial radio station KDKA
• Huge advertisement, by 1924 there was 600 commercial stations
• 1926-NBC, first national radio
• in 1927 government had to pass- Radio Act, set of federal licensing of radio stations and share out airwaves
• politicians and religious speakers use them to spread messages eg: during depression, criticised bankers, New Deal was ‘Christ’s deal’-supported…
• Radio ownership grew rapidly and more affordable
• all heard same time, car ownership grew and created a mass culture

Used for…

1) Political use
2) Sponsors and advertisement
3) Religious views
4) National culture- same music, news, sport…

Question 56

Negatives of the radio:

Answer 56

• 1938- war of the worlds by HG Wells was dramatised on CBS-6 million tuned in- joke alien invasion- Halloween
• Newspapers blew it out of proportion, created hysteria / panic, said need did radio to have ‘responsibility’.

Question 57

What was the social impact of TV?

Answer 57

• going to different groups- younger generations
• 1969- Sesame Street-first show to have racially balanced cast (first aired)
• 1970-95% people in America owned a TV
• Children-life lessons, changes in America to children eg: racial tolerance
• BUT was mostly well off children’s from white suburbs who watched these programmes

Question 58

What was the Lone Ranger?

Answer 58

1949-1957 (ABC)

• First ‘hit’ about adventures of cowboy and Indian companion (Tonto)
• Reflects their past, entertaining, genre of villains and hero’s
• In series- ambushes, killed, revenge, loyalty…
• western TV series

Question 59

What was the series ‘I Love Lucy’?

Answer 59

• 1951-1957 (CBS)
• Inseparable couples, long lasting friends, have child in 1953, some moved to Hollywood, flaw of character-Lucy ends up in trouble
• reflected American Dream and family life, could link to characters- familiar
• become popular due to accessibility (ABC + CBS), form of entertainment in their own homes, linked to core American history and values, idealised people-fandom
• women more freedom

Question 60

What was ‘Mickey Mouse Clubhouse’? How else did the TV effect American lives?

Answer 60

• 1955- first appearance
• 1955-opening of Disneyland
• looked for kid stars
• variety of shows
• faces everyday situations
• more personal-visual element
• exposed for political affairs
• swayed votes
• 1960
• televised debates- propaganda
• first had audience of 70 million people
• Kennedy- spoke confidently, used media
• American identity- binds nation together in watch/ conversation

Question 61

What was the social impact of Jazz?

Answer 61

• riots in black American music
• Records helped it to spread
• considered morally lax (Charleston, sexually suggestive…)
• Religious groups like Bible Belt disliked it
• By 1929 50% of homes had a gramophone, $75 million of records were being sold a year

Question 62

What was the social impact of new popular cultures?

Answer 62

• women gained more freedom- ‘flapper girls’- more involvement
• more acceptance of black people- attitudes
• divide between older and younger generations
• more celebrations- Harlem resistance eg: Louis Armstrong

Question 63

Who is Father Coughlin?

Answer 63

• priest (Roman Catholic), broadcasted sermons which criticised KKK
• 1930-40 million listeners
• criticised bankers
• supported Roosevelt, New Deal was ‘Christ’s deal’ but when he didn’t go far enough did critics him which lost the president some support
• 1891-1979
• nicknamed ‘The Radio Priest’
• in 1934- established National Union for Social Justice
• Active in 1930s

Question 64

What was the influence of broadcast news?

Answer 64

• less intellectual (radio)
• more accessible- can multi task
• more frequent-cars
• Radio was important during Depression- panic, crisis
• radio- quicker and more authoritative
• radio talks also restored confidence and trust in banks
• radio-important in SWW- quicker then movie
• newsreels eg: Ed Murrow- radio news reporter, reported from front line, accompanied 20 bombing missions
• changed public attitudes eg: public opinion away from McCarthy
• 1960s live news coverage eg: events like Cuban Missile Crisis, Moon landing
• television which caused controversial issues
• change in opinion about presidency and government like coverage of the Watergate Scandal

Question 65

Where can you find summary of topic and key people and dates?

Answer 65

END OF 1.3- ORANGE FOLDER