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Higher Human Biology Unit 1 🌀 > 1.3 RNA, Transcription & Translation > Flashcards

1.3 RNA, Transcription & Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a genotype determined by

A

The sequence of DNA bases in its genes

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2
Q

What is a phenotype determined by

A

The proteins that are synthesised when the genes are expressed

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3
Q

What are proteins made up of

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

What does the sequence of amino acids determine

A

The structure and function of the protein

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5
Q

What determines the sequence of amino acids

A

The order of DNA bases

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6
Q

What codes for each amino acid

A

The order of DNA bases

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7
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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8
Q

What happens to genes during differentiation

A

Only a fraction of genes are expressed the other genes are switched off

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9
Q

What influences which genes are expressed

A

The intra and extra cellular environmental factors eg diet, stress and activity levels

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10
Q

What is gene expression controlled by

A

The regulation of transcription and translation

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11
Q

What is RNA composed of

A

A phosphate, a ribose sugar and a base

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12
Q

What are the bases in RNA

A

Adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine

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13
Q

What are the types of RNA

A

mRNA, rRNA and tRNA

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14
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

To carry a complementary copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome

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15
Q

What is the function of rRNA

A

To combine with proteins to form the ribosome

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16
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid to a ribosome to build proteins

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17
Q

How many strands does RNA have

A

One - it is single stranded

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18
Q

What is transcription

A

The first stage of protein synthesis

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19
Q

What is made during transcription

A

A complementary copy of the relevant section of DNA (mRNA)

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20
Q

What happens during the first stage of transcription

A

Transcription of the gene begins at the promoter region ( a triplet of bases called a start codon )

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21
Q

What happens in the second stage of transcription

A

Enzyme RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region

22
Q

What happens during the third stage of transcription

A

The DNA unwinds and unzips and the hydrogen bond between bases causing the two strands to separate

23
Q

What happens in the fourth stage of transcription

A

Free RNA nucleotides line up against their complementary base on the coding DNA strand. RNA polymerase adds the nucleotides to the 3’end of the forming mRNA strand

24
Q

What happens in the fifth stage of transcription

A

Weak hydrogen bonds form between the base pairs and strong sugar phosphate bonds form between the adjacent RNA nucleotides forming a strand of mRNA called the primary transcript. The process stops when the terminator region is reached

25
Q

Before leaving the nucleus what has to happen to mRNA

A

It has to be modified to form the mature transcript

26
Q

What does modification of the primary transcript involve

A

Removing any non coding sections called introns leaving behind the coding regions called exons

27
Q

What is RNA splicing

A

The process which joins together the remaining exons to form a continuous sequence called the mature transcript

28
Q

What then happens to the mature transcript after splicing

A

It leaving the nucleus and travels to the ribosome reading for translation

29
Q

What is translation

A

The second stage of protein synthesis

30
Q

What is the mRNA used for in translation

A

To synthesise a polypeptide chain in the ribosome

31
Q

How many codons code for 1 amino acid

A

1 codon

32
Q

Where is tRNA found

A

The cytoplasm

33
Q

What is tRNA made up of

A

A single chain of RNA nucleotides

34
Q

What is the structure of tRNA like

A

Folded into a 3D structure, held together by hydrogen bonds between bases

35
Q

What is the triplet of bases of tRNA called

A

Anticodon

36
Q

What does the anticodon determine

A

the specific amino acid that tRNA will carry

37
Q

What is the first stage of translation

A

The ribosome binds to the 5’ end of the mRNA at the start codon

38
Q

What is the second stage of translation

A

A tRNA carrying an amino acid lines up against its complementary codon on mRNA. Hydrogen bonds form between the codon of mRNA and the anticodon of tRNA

39
Q

What is the third stage of translation

A

Another tRNA carrying a specific amino acid lines it’s anticodon against its complementary codon on mRNA. Hydrogen bonds form between the bases.

40
Q

What is the fourth stage of translation

A

A peptide bond forms between the first two amino acids

41
Q

What is the fifth stage of translation

A

The ribosome then moves along one codon exposing the next codon to an anticodon

42
Q

What is the sixth stage of translation

A

The process is repeated many times until the stop codon is reached and a complete polypeptide chain is translated.

43
Q

What does a start codon do

A

It initiates translation on mRNA

44
Q

What does a stop codon do

A

Signifies that the polypeptide chain is complete

45
Q

What are produced from the same primary transcript

A

Different mRNA molecules

46
Q

How can the same gene be used to make several different proteins

A

Alternative RNA splicing and Post translational modification

47
Q

What happens in alternative RNA splicing

A

Different RNA segments can be treated as introns and the resulting exons can be spliced together in different orders to form different proteins from the same original gene

48
Q

What is post translational modification

A

When the polypeptide chain can be modified after it has been formed in translation by one of two methods

49
Q

What are the two methods of post translational modifications

A

Cleavage and molecular addition

50
Q

What is cleavage

A

When the single polypeptide chain can be cut and or combined with polypeptide chains to form different protein structures

51
Q

What is molecular addition

A

When other molecules are added to the polypeptide chain such as carbohydrates and phosphate groups

Higher Human Biology Unit 1 🌀 (7 decks)

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