1.3 Risk Factors for cardiovascular disease

Question 1

What is oedema?

Answer 1

Fluid building up in tissues and causing swelling

Question 2

When two glucose units are joined, what two substances are removed?

Answer 2

1 hydrogen and a hydroxide

Question 3

What is the reaction that is involved in joining sugar units?

Answer 3

Condensation

Question 4

What type of bond is formed between two sugar units?

Answer 4

Glycosidic

Question 5

When splitting sugar units, what is the molecule that is added in the reaction?

Answer 5

H2O

Question 6

What is the name of the reaction that is involved in splitting sugar units?

Answer 6

Hydrolysis

Question 7

Which two monosaccharides make up the disaccharide sucrose?

Answer 7

glucose + fructose

Question 8

Which two monosaccharides make up the disaccharide maltose?

Answer 8

glucose + glucose

Question 9

Which two monosaccharides make up the disaccharide lactose?

Answer 9

glucose + galactose

Question 10

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 10

A carbohydrate that is made up of a single sugar unit. Monosaccharides are small molecules which dissolve readily in water. They are classified according to how many carbon atoms they contain.

Question 11

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 11

A carbohydrate that is made up of two sugar units or monosaccharides.

Question 12

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 12

A carbohydrate made up from a large number of sugar units or monosaccharides joined to each other by condensation.

Question 13

What is starch?

Answer 13

Polysaccharide which is an insoluble store of glucose in plants formed from two glucose polymers, amylose and amylopectin

Question 14

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 14

Important biological molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Question 15

How is the structure of starch related to its function as an energy storage material in plants?

Answer 15

It contains amylose, which is a long, unbranched chain which coils, making it compact, meaning it is good for storage as you can fit more into a small space.
It contains amylopectin, a long branched chain of glucose, whose side branches allow the enzymes that break down the molecule to get at the glycosidic bonds easily - allowing for quick release of glucose.
Starch is insoluble in water, so it doesn’t cause water to enter cells by osmosis. Therefore it is good for storage.

Question 16

Explain how the structure of glycogen is related to its funtion as an energy storage material in animals?

Answer 16

Its many side branches allow enzymes to break down glycosidic bonds more easily so glucose release is quicker.
It is very compact so is good for storage
It is insoluble in water so doesn’t cause cells to swell by osmosis
It is a large molecule so can store lots of energy

Question 17

What is glycogen?

Answer 17

The carbohydrate energy store in animals. It is an insoluble polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules with numerous side branches, joined by glycosidic bonds.

Question 18

What is amylose?

Answer 18

Polysaccharide formed from a long straight chain of glucose molecules. This chain winds into a spiral shape.

Question 19

What is amylopectin?

Answer 19

Polysaccharide formed of branched chains of glucose molecules.

Question 20

What is the biological role of glucose?

Answer 20

Substrate for cell respiration in all living organisms, releasing energy.

Question 21

What is the biological role of maltose?

Answer 21

Used in brewing and found in germinating seeds such as barley

Question 22

What is the biological role of sucrose?

Answer 22

Used by plants to transport sugar

Question 23

What are triglycerides?

Answer 23

Made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

Fatty acids have long tails made of hydrocarbons. They are hydrophobic, making lipids insoluble in water.

Question 24

How are triglycerides formed?

Answer 24

In condensation reactions, a hydrogen atom on the glycerol molecule bonds to a hydroxyl group on the fatty acid, releasing a molecule of water. The fatty acids and glycerol are joined by ester bonds.

Question 25

How are triglycerides split?

Answer 25

In a hydrolysis reaction - a molecule of water is added to each ester bond to break it apart.

Question 26

What is a saturated lipid?

Answer 26

A fatty acid with no double bonds present in its hydrocarbon chain. It is saturated with hydrogen. Its hydrocarbons are long and straight so they can pack together closely. Mostly found in animal fats e.g. butter

Question 27

What is a mono-unsaturated lipid?

Answer 27

Have one double bond between two carbon atoms in each fatty acid chain.

Question 28

Why are saturated fats solid at room temperature?

Answer 28

They have strong intermolecular bonds between triglycerides.

Question 29

What is a polyunsaturated fat?

Answer 29

When the lipid has two or more double bonds present in the hydrocarbon chain.

Question 30

Why are most polyunsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

Answer 30

Its double bonds cause kinks in the hydrocarbon chain, which prevents them packing closely together. By increasing the distance between the molecules, the intermolecular forces are weakened.

Question 31

What is cholesterol?

Answer 31

A type of lipid that is made in the body. Needs to be attached to protein to be moved around, so the body forms lipoproteins.

Question 32

What is HDL?

Answer 32

High density lipoproteins - mainly protein, transport cholesterol from body tissues to the liver to be recycled or excreted.

Question 33

What is LDL?

Answer 33

Low density lipoproteins - mainly lipid, transport cholesterol from liver to blood, where it circulates until needed by cells.

Question 34

What is a null hypothesis?

Answer 34

A statement that assumes that there will be no difference between an experimental group and a control froup and then testing this statement using statistical analysis.

Question 35

What is an epidemiologist?

Answer 35

A professional scientist who studies risk factors associated with human health.

Question 36

What is a cohort study?

Answer 36

A study where a group of people are followed over time to see who develops the disease.

Question 37

What is a MONICA study?

Answer 37

MONItoring trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease study.

Question 38

What is a case-control study?

Answer 38

A study where a group of people with the disease are compared to a group who do not have it.

Question 39

What is hypertension?

Answer 39

Another term for high blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure in considered to be one of the most significant factors in the development of cardiovascular disease.

Question 40

What is systolic pressure?

Answer 40

The maximum blood pressure when the heart contracts. For a healthy person, this should be 100-140 mmHg.

Question 41

What is diastolic pressure?

Answer 41

The blood pressure when the heart contracts. For a healthy person, this should be 60-90 mmHg.

Question 42

What is peripheral resistance?

Answer 42

Contact between blood and the walls of the blood vessels causes friction.

Question 43

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 43

The process whereby the connection between two molecules can be broken by the addition of water.

Question 44

What is cellulose?

Answer 44

The most abundant polysaccharide, occurring as the main structural cell wall material in plants. Consists of a long chain of beta-linked glucose units.

Question 45

What can a deficiency in linoleic acid lead to?

Answer 45

It is an essential fatty acid so it would result in scaly skin, hair loss and slow wound healing.

Question 46

What is insulin?

Answer 46

A hormone, synthesised in the pancreas, that promotes the conversion of glucose to the storage compound glycogen.