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Biology Topic 1 > 1.1 Lifestyle, health and risk > Flashcards

1.1 Lifestyle, health and risk Flashcards

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1
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The force by which individual molecules cling to surrounding material and surfaces.

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2
Q

What is the boiling point?

A

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a given liquid reaches atmospheric pressure and thus starts to boil

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3
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The force by which individual molecules stick together.

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4
Q

What is freezing point?

A

The temperature at which a liquid solidifies

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5
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of water by one degree celcius.

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6
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak bond caused by electrostatic attraction between a positively charged part of one molecule and a negatively charged part of another

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7
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Molecules are capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding (having an affinity for water)

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8
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Molecules lack affinity for water (water insoluble)

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9
Q

What does polarity mean?

A

The property of having distinct and opposite charges (poles)- due to the uneven distribution of charge within a molecule.

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10
Q

What does solubility mean?

A

The property of a substance being soluble (dissolved)

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11
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A liquid in which substances are dissolved to form a solution

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12
Q

What is the surface tension of water?

A

The intermolecular hydrogen bonds between molecules of water at the surface

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13
Q

What is the property of water that allows light to penetrate molecules of water?

A

transparency

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14
Q

Arteries have a relatively thick wall to…

A

withstand high blood pressure

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15
Q

Arteries have smooth muscles to…

A

alter the diameter of the lumen to vary blood flow

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16
Q

Arteries have elastic fibres to…

A

allow walls to stretch when blood is pumped into the artery, and then recoil, smoothing blood flow

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17
Q

Arteries are lined with a smooth layer of endothelial cells to…

A

ensure a low friction surface to ease blood flow

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18
Q

Capillaries have a very thin wall to…

A

allow rapid gas exchange between blood and tissues

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19
Q

Veins have a relatively thin wall as…

A

blood is at low pressure

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20
Q

Veins have very little smooth muscle or elastic fibres as…

A

there is no pulse of blood so no stretching and recoiling

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21
Q

Veins have valves to…

A

stop backflow

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22
Q

Why is water cohesive?

A

Molecules stick together as they are dipolar, helping water to flow.

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23
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

In ionic reactions, there is a +ve ion and a -ve ion, and as water is dipolar, the +ve end of water molecule will attract the -ve ion, etc. Thus the ions will get surrounded by water molecules, causing them to dissolve.

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24
Q

What are the events of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole

25
Q

What are the features of the cardiac muscle?

A

1) contracts involuntarily
2) made up of cells that are connected by cytoplasmic bridges (which enables electrical impulses to pass through the tissue)
3) contains large numbers of myoglobin molecules

26
Q

What are the factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

genetics, diet, age, gender, high blood pressure, smoking, inactivity

27
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

Some animal groups have this system, in which the blood circulates in large open spaces.

28
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

A system where the blood is enclosed within tubes

29
Q

What is single circulation?

A

Type of circulation found in fish, where the blood only flows through the heart once for each complete circuit of the body.

30
Q

What is double circulation?

A

Type of circulation where the blood flows through the heart twice for each complete circuit of the body

31
Q

What is collagen?

A

A fibrous protein which provides tensile strength without much elasticity

32
Q

What is systole?

A

Systole is the contraction of the heart
muscle. The cardiac cycle is the three-stage
sequence of events that takes place during a
heartbeat. During atrial systole, the atria contract,
forcing blood into the ventricles. During ventricular
systole, the ventricles contract pushing blood out
through the arteries. The heart refills during
diastole.

33
Q

What is diastole?

A

The stage in the cardiac or heart

cycle when the heart muscle relaxes. During this stage the heart is filling with blood.

34
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Type of muscle (involuntary muscle) found in walls of some blood vessels. These lack obvious striations of skeletal muscle.

35
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Returns blood from body to the heart.

36
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Carries blood from the heart to the lungs

37
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Carries blood from the lungs to the heart

38
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body

39
Q

What do the atrioventricular valves do?

A

They open when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure.

40
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Valves between ventricles and arteries leaving the heart.

41
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Formation of a blood clot that may block an artery.

42
Q

Describe the series of events that lead to atherscelrosis.

A 
Artery wall damaged
Inflammatory response
Large white cells enter wall
Cholesterol accumulates
Atheroma forms
Calcium salts and fibrous tissue accumulate
Hard plaque forms
Wall elasticity reduced
Artery narrows
Rising blood pressure
Atherosclerosis
43
Q

Describe the events that lead to a blood clot

A 
Platelets in contact with artery wall
Platelets become sticky
Platelet plug forms
Thromboplastin released from platelets
Cascade of chemical changes
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Tangled mesh
Blood cells trapped
Blood clot forms
44
Q

How can atheromas increase the risk of thrombosis in arteries?

A

An atheroma can rupture the endothelium of an artery, which triggers thrombosis.

45
Q

How can blood clots cause heart attacks?

A

If a blood clot completely blocks a coronary artery, the heart muscle will be cut off from its blood supply and won’t receive any oxygen. This causes myocardial infarction (heart attack)

46
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A rapid loss of brain function, due to a disruption in the blood supply to the brain

47
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis?

A

The formation of a blood clot in a vein deep inside the body. Can be caused by prolonged inactivity.

48
Q

What are arteries?

A

Muscular blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart. They divide repeatedly to form arterioles.

49
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Blood vessels composed only of epithelial cells and a basement membrane.

50
Q

What is a lumen?

A

The cavity inside any tubular part of an organ.

51
Q

What is an atheroma?

A

A deposit on the arterial wall, mainly composed of cholesterol, which has not yet had a build up of calcium salts or fibrous tissue. Occurs as a result of endothelial damage and the subsequent inflammatory response.

52
Q

What is a plaque?

A

Found on the inner wall of an artery, this hard swelling reduces the elasticity of arteries. It causes arteries to narrow and can lead to an increase in blood pressure.

53
Q

What is prothrombin?

A

A soluble plasma protein that is inactive, but can be converted to an active enzyme.

54
Q

What is thrombin?

A

The active enzyme that catalyses the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin in a series of cascade reactions.

55
Q

What does ischaemic mean?

A

When a tissue does not receive enough blood (and therefore oxygen) it becomes ischaemic.

56
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen, due to narrowing of coronary arteries.

57
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

Irregular heart beat

58
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A bulge in an artery wall due to narrowing of the lumen. If it ruptures it could be fatal.

Biology Topic 1 (4 decks)

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