1.3 - risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Question 1

what are the different ways to identify risk factors for cvd

Answer 1

cohort studies- follow large group of people over long time and see if any get disease and what factors they were exposed to
case-control studies- compare risk factors experienced between people who have the disease and people who dont

Question 2

what are the features of a good study

Answer 2

• representative sample
• valid and reliable results- ( controlled and reproducible)
• large sample size

Question 3

what are the risk factors for cvd

Answer 3

• high blood pressure
• obesity
• blood cholesterol and other dietary factors
• smoking
• inactivity
• genetic inheritance

Question 4

what is blood pressure and when is it most/least high

Answer 4

• its the measure of hydrostatic force of the blood against the walls of a blood vessel
• highest in arteries and capillaries than veins
• pressure in an artery is highest during systole - systolic pressure
• lowest during diastole-diastolic pressure

Question 5

how do you interpret a blood pressure reading

Answer 5

• its one number over another
• systolic pressure is above diastolic pressure
• a healthy person has a systolic pressure of around 100 to 140mmhg and a diastolic pressure between 60 and 90 mmhg

Question 6

what is peripheral resistance

Answer 6

the contact between blood and the walls of the blood vessels cause friction which impedes blood flow

Question 7

why is high blood pressure a risk factor for cvd

Answer 7

• high blood pressure inreases risk of damage to the endothelium in the arteries which will increase risk of atherosclerosis

Question 8

what factors can cause blood vessels to constrict - (ultimately leading to higher blood pressure)

Answer 8

• decreases elasticity with age
• release of hormones such as adrenaline
• high salt diet

Question 9

what is oedema

Answer 9

• fluid building up in tissues and causing swelling- its a sign of high blood pressure

Question 10

what is a monosaccharide

Answer 10

• a simple single sugar unit

Question 11

what is a diassacharide

Answer 11

• two sugar units joined together by a condensation reaction

Question 12

what is a polyssacharide

Answer 12

• three or more sugar units joined by a condensation reaction

Question 13

what are the three hexose sugars

Answer 13

• glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 14

draw alpha glucose

Answer 14

remember - 6 carbons - 12 hydrogen - 6 oxygen

Question 15

what is a glycosidic bond

Answer 15

• the bond that forms to form two sugar units via a condensation reaction

Question 16

what is a 1,4 glycosidic bond

Answer 16

• when the glycosidic bond forms between the first carbon on the first unit and the 4th carbon on the second unit

Question 17

what is a condensation reaction

Answer 17

• when a water is released during the reaction

Question 18

what are the three most common dissacharides

Answer 18

• sucrose
• maltose
• lactose