1.3 Risk factors

Question 1

What is a cohort study?

Answer 1

following a large group of people overtime to see who develops the disease and who doesn’t.

Question 2

what are case control studies?

Answer 2

a group of people with a disease are compared with a control group of individuals who do not have the disease. information is collected about the risk factors that they have previously been exposed to.

Question 3

name four features of a good study?

Answer 3

representative sample
valid and reliable results
sample size
controlling variables

Question 4

what are the six risk factors for CVD?

Answer 4

high blood pressure
obesity
blood cholesterol/dietary factors
smoking
inactivity
genetic inheritance

Question 5

what is systolic pressure?

Answer 5

the pressure in an artery is highest during the phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles have contracted and forced blood into the arteries.

Question 6

what is diastolic pressure?

Answer 6

when pressure is at its lowest in the artery when the ventricles are relaxed.

Question 7

what measures blood pressure?

Answer 7

sphygmomanometer

Question 8

what is pressure measured in, in medical practice?

Answer 8

millimetres of mercury (mmHg)

Question 9

what is a healthy blood pressure?

Answer 9

100-140
————-
60-90

Question 10

what are factors that cause arteries to constrict?

Answer 10

loss of elasticity with age
atherosclerosis
adrenaline
high salt diet

Question 11

what are treatments for high blood pressure?

Answer 11

ACE inhibitors
calcium channel blockers
diuretics
beta blockers

Question 12

what is oedema?

Answer 12

fluid building up in tissues and causing swelling

Question 13

what is one calorie defined as?

Answer 13

the quantity of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1cm^3 of water by 1 degrees celsius

Question 14

what is the general formula of carbohydrates?

Answer 14

Cx(H2O)n

Question 15

explain about bonding in sugars

Answer 15

either monosaccharides or disaccharides. condensation reactions are common in the formation of complex molecules and addition of water in a hydrolysis reaction splits the molecule

Question 16

how does the structure of galactose differ from glucose?

Answer 16

the OH group on carbon 1 and 4 lies on the opposite side compared to glucose

Question 17

what is the bond called between two single sugars units called?

Answer 17

glycosidic

Question 18

what is sucrose formed from?

Answer 18

glucose and fructose

Question 19

what is maltose formed from?

Answer 19

two glucose molecules

Question 20

what is lactose formed from?

Answer 20

galactose and glucose

Question 21

what are the three main types of polysaccharides found in food?

Answer 21

starch, cellulose and glycogen

Question 22

what is starch made from?

Answer 22

amylose and amylopectin

Question 23

what is amylose?

Answer 23

a straight chain of glucose molecules with 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 24

what is amylopectin?

Answer 24

a polymer of glucose with side branches bonded with 1,6 glycosidic bonds holding the chains on

Question 25

two characteristics of starch?

Answer 25

insoluble and has a spiral structure

Question 26

what is the structure of glycogen?

Answer 26

glucose molecules with many side branches

Question 27

what is the structure of cellulose?

Answer 27

straight chain of glucose

Question 28

two characteristics of lipids?

Answer 28

insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents and most are triglycerides

Question 29

what are triglycerides made up of?

Answer 29

made up of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule linked by condensation reactions

Question 30

what kind and how many bonds are formed in triglycerides?

Answer 30

three ester bonds

Question 31

what are saturated fats?

Answer 31

a chain containing the maximum number of hydrogens and no C-C double bonds

Question 32

what are monounsaturated fats?

Answer 32

they have one double bond between two of the carbon atoms in each fatty acid chain

Question 33

what are polyunsaturated fats?

Answer 33

they have a large number of double bonds

Question 34

what does a double bond cause in the hydrocarbon change and how can this affect their state?

Answer 34

they cause a kink in the chain which increase the distance between molecules which weakens intermolecular forces and results in liquid oils at room temperature

Question 35

how can unsaturated fats be made more solid at room temperature?

Answer 35

adding hydrogen to the double bonds making them saturated

Question 36

two characteristics of cholesterol?

Answer 36

short lipid molecule and they are made in the liver from saturated fats

Question 37

what is the difference between phospholipids and triglycerides?

Answer 37

in phospholipids one of the fatty acids is replaced by a negatively charged phosphate groip

Question 38

what is the equation for BMI?

Answer 38

weight/height

Question 39

why are lipoproteins needed?

Answer 39

cholesterol is not soluble in water so it is combined with proteins to become soluble so it can be transported in the bloodstream

Question 40

what are HDLs and LDLs made from?

Answer 40

triglycerides, cholesterol and protein

Question 41

what do LDLs do?

Answer 41

bind to receptor sites on the cell membrane

Question 42

what do excess LDLs cause?

Answer 42

they overload the membrane receptors which may call LDL cholesterol to be deposited in the artery walls forming atheromas

Question 43

what is the difference between LDLs and HDLs?

Answer 43

HDLs have a higher percentage of proteins

Question 44

what does HDL do?

Answer 44

transport cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver where it’s broken down, lowers blood cholesterol levels and removes fatty plaques

Question 45

how does saturated fats effect lipoproteins?

Answer 45

increases HDL and LDL but the increase in LDL is greater

Question 46

name three consequences of smoking on the body?

Answer 46

1) carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin which increases heart rate
2)nicotine stimulants adrenaline production which increases heart rate
3)chemicals damage the lining of the arteries

Question 47

what gene cluster is associated with coronary heart disease?

Answer 47

apolipoprotein

Question 48

what are apolipoproteins and what to they do?

Answer 48

they are the protein components of lipoproteins and stabilise the structure of the lipoproteins and recognise receptors involved in the lipoprotein uptake on the plasma membrane of cells

Question 49

what does apolipoprotein A do?

Answer 49

the major protein in HDL so helps in the removal of cholesterol, mutations are association with low HDL levels

Question 50

what does apolipoprotein B do?

Answer 50

the main protein in LDL so transfers cholesterol from blood to cells, mutation results in higher LDL levels

Question 51

what does apolipoprotein E do?

Answer 51

a major component of HDL so removal of cholesterol

Question 52

what are four factors in CHD development that aren’t genetic?

Answer 52

antioxidants, salt, stress and alcohol

Question 53

how do antioxidants reduce the risk of CHD?

Answer 53

react with radicals that could cause damage to enzymes and genetic material which can cause cancer and heart disease

Question 54

how does salt increase the risk of CHD?

Answer 54

a high salt diet causes the kidneys to retain water. high fluid levels in the blood cause high blood pressure

Question 55

how does stress increase the risk of CHD?

Answer 55

the release of adrenaline causes arteries and artérioles to constrict which raises blood pressure

Question 56

how does alcohol increase the risk of CHD?

Answer 56

it raises blood pressure, contributes to obesity and causes irregular heart beat. liver cells can be damaged which impairs its ability to remove glucose and lipids from the blood