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Physics A Level > 13 Oscillations > Flashcards

13 Oscillations Flashcards

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1
Q

Amplitude

A

Max displacement of a particle from the equilibrium

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2
Q

Frequency

A

Number of oscillations per second

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3
Q

Time period

A

Time taken to complete one oscillation

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4
Q

Equations for time period

A

T = 1/f

T = 2pi/angular speed

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5
Q

Simple harmonic motion

A

The oscillatory motion about an equilibrium position such that the acceleration is proportional to the displacement and always directed towards the equilibrium position

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6
Q

What equation is simple harmonic motion defined by

A

a = -w^2 x X

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7
Q

How could a displacement time graph be found using an experiment

A

The transmitter of a displacement sensor could be attached to a mass on a spring which oscillates

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8
Q

What is the equation for the SHM displacement graph

A

X = A x cos(wt)

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9
Q

Equation for SHM velocity graph

A

V =-A x w x sin(wt)

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10
Q

Equation for SHM acceleration graph

A

a = -A x w^2 x cos(wt)

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11
Q

What is the maximum displacing equal to?

A

Amplitude

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12
Q

What is the maximum velocity equal to?

A

A x w

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13
Q

What is the maximum acceleration equal to?

A

A x w^2

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14
Q

Equation for mass on spring

A

F = -kx

F= force
k= stiffness/ spring constant
x= displacement
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15
Q

Mechanical oscillator equation linking time period, mass and spring constant

A

T =2pi x route(m/k)

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16
Q

Equation for pendulum linking time period, length and gravity

A

T= 2pi x route(l/g)

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17
Q

For what angles does a pendulum display simple harmonic motion

A

Less than 10° to the vertical

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18
Q

What is true of the time period of a heavy mass on a weak spring?

A

It’s large

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19
Q

What are the two main forms of energy in simple harmonic oscillators?

A

KE and PE

20
Q

Equation for kinetic energy (learn)

A

KE = 1/2mv^2

KE = 1/2m x A^2 x w^2 x sin^2(wt)

21
Q

Equation for potential energy (learn)

A

PE= 1/2kx^2

PE= 1/2m x A^2 x w^2 x cos^2(wt)

22
Q

Equation for total energy (learn)

A

E total= PE + KE

E total= 1/2m x A^2 x w^2

23
Q

Free oscillations

A

When no energy is lost from an oscillator so the motion would continue would continue forever

24
Q

Damped oscillation

A

When energy is transferred out of the system

25
Q

Forced oscillations

A

When a system is made to vibrate at the frequency of an external driving force

26
Q

How does the amplitude of an oscillation change with light damping?

A

The amplitude decreases exponentially over time

27
Q

Example of a system with light damping

A

Pendulum oscillating in air

28
Q

How does the amplitude of an oscillation change with heavy damping?

A

The amplitude returns to the equilibrium slowly

29
Q

Example of system with heavy damping

A

A spring in thick oil

30
Q

How does the amplitude of an oscillation change with critical damping?

A

the time taken for displacement to become zero is a minimum

31
Q

Example of critical damping

A

Shock absorbers of a car

32
Q

What happens if oscillations are forced on ductile materials

A

Energy will be absorbed due to plastic deformation and motion will be damped

33
Q

Resonance

A

Takes place when the applied frequency equals the natural frequency of an oscillator

34
Q

In theory what should happen to amplitude of a system in resonance?

A

It should be infinite as energy is continually being put into the system but in practise it is reduced by damping

35
Q

How does damping affect the resonant frequency

A

If damping is increased the resonance occurs at a lower frequency

36
Q

How does damping affect the amplitude

A

It reduces the amplitude

37
Q

Examples of resonance occurring?

A
  • opera singer smashing glass
  • microwaves
  • radios
38
Q

Which of the following can’t apply to the oscillations of a system undergoing resonance?

A) damped
B) driven
C) forced
D) free

A

D) free

39
Q

When a mass on a spring is in the equilibrium position, what is the elastic potential?

A

At a maximum

40
Q

During an earthquake, steel framed buildings absorb energy because steel is

A) ductile
B) elastic
C) stiff
D) strong

A

A) ductile

41
Q

How do spring dampers reduce the amplitude of an oscillating bridge?

A
  • they absorb energy
  • the springs oscillate with the natural frequency
  • hence there is max transfer of energy
  • spring must not return energy back to bridge
42
Q

Which of the following is not an example of SHM?

A) a car bouncing on its suspension system
B) a child bouncing on a trampoline
C) a person bouncing on a bungee cord
D) a swinging pendulum in a grandfather clock

A

B) a child jumping on a trampoline

43
Q

When will the motion of a mass bouncing on the end of a vertical spring be simple harmonic?

A) if the string can store energy
B) if it has elasticity
C) is hung vertically
D) obeys hookes law

A

D) obeys hookes law

44
Q

Damping is used to prevent a bridge from oscillating, it will

A) increase the stiffness of the bridge
B) increase the natural frequency of the bridge
C) dissipated energy from the bridge
D) decrease the forcing frequency on the bridge

A

C) dissipate energy from the bridge

45
Q

The damping force acting on an oscillating system is always

A) in the opposite direction to acceleration
B) in the opposite direction to velocity
C) in the same direction as acceleration
D) in the same direction as velocity

A

B) in the opposite direction to velocity

46
Q

When a mass is oscillating on a vertical spring which obeys hookes law what happens to the time period over time?

A

It stays constant because the spring obeys hookes law

Physics A Level (11 decks)

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