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Histo Finals > 13-Nervous > Flashcards

13-Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

The most complex system

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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2
Q

Components of the Nervous System

A

network of nerve cells (neurons)
supporting glial cells
nerve tissue

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3
Q

is distributed throughout the body as an integrated communications network

A

Nerve tissue

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4
Q

Structural Divisions of the NS

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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5
Q

overall “command center,” processing and integrating information

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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6
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) components

A

brain
spinal cord

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7
Q

division of the nervous system in charge of relaying messages to and from the command center

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) components

A

cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves

ganglia

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9
Q

conduct impulses to and from the CNS (motor and sensory nerves respectively)

A

cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves

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10
Q

which are small groups of nerve cells outside the CNS

A

ganglia

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11
Q

Functional Divisions of the NS

A

Sensory Nervous System
Motor Nervous System

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12
Q

Sensory Nervous System components

A

Some CNS and PNS components

Somatic sensory

Visceral sensory

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13
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Includes all axons that transmit impulses from a peripheral structure to the CNS

A

Some CNS and PNS components

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14
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Transmits input from skin, fascia, joints, and skeletal muscles

A

Somatic sensory

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15
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Transmits input from stomach and intestines (viscera)

A

Visceral sensory

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16
Q

Motor Nervous System components

A

Motor Nervous System

Somatic motor (somatic nervous system)

Autonomic motor (autonomic nervous system)

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17
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Includes all axons that transmit nerve impulses from the CNS to a muscle or gland

A

Some CNS and PNS components

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18
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

A

Somatic motor (somatic nervous system)

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19
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic motor (autonomic nervous system)

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20
Q

ionic gradient that exists between the inner and outer surfaces of their membranes

Altered by neurons in respo nse to stimuli

A

Electrical potential

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21
Q

cells that can rapidly change this potential in response to stimuli (eg, neurons, muscle cells, some gland cells)

A

Excitable or irritable cells

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22
Q

is capable of traveling long distances along neuronal processes, transmitting such signals to other neurons, muscles, and glands

A

action potential, the depolarization wave, or the nerve impulse

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23
Q

steps of Neurulation in the Embryo

A
  1. Neural folds and neural groove form from the neural plate
  2. Neural folds elevate and approach each other

3.Neural crest cells loosen and become mesenchymal

  1. Neural folds merge creates neural tube, neural crest lies atop newly made tube
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24
Q

functional unit of the nervous system

A

NEURONS

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25
Q

NEURONS consist of three parts :

A

Cell body (perikaryon)
Dendrites
Axon

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26
Q

synthetic or trophic center for the entire nerve cell and is receptive to stimuli

A

Cell body (perikaryon)

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27
Q

many elongated processes specialized to receive stimuli from the environment, sensory epithelial cells, or other neurons

A

Dendrites

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28
Q

a single process specialized in generating and conducting nerve impulses to other cells (nerve, muscle, and gland cells)

A

Axon

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29
Q

distal portion of the axon is usually _________ as the terminal arborization

A

branched

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30
Q

part of the axon that interact with other neurons or nonnerve cells at structures called synapses

A

end bulbs (boutons)

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31
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS according to the number of processes extending from the cell body:

A

Multipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons

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32
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS according to the number of processes extending from the cell body:

one axon and; two or many dendrites

**Most neurons are ________

A

Multipolar neurons

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33
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS according to the number of processes extending from the cell body:

one dendrite
one axon

A

Bipolar neurons

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34
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS according to the number of processes extending from the cell body:

have a single process that bifurcates close to the perikaryon, with the longer branch extending to a peripheral ending and the other toward the CNS

A

Unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons

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35
Q

Bipolar neurons are found in

A

retina
olfactory mucosa
and the (inner ear) cochlear and vestibular ganglia

where they serve the senses of sight, smell and balance respectively.

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36
Q

Unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons are found in the

A

spinal ganglia (the sensory ganglia found with the spinal nerves)

and in most cranial ganglia.

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37
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES according to function

A

Motor (efferent) neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons

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38
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES according to function

control effector organs such as muscle fibers and exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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39
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES according to function

involved in the reception of sensory stimuli from the environment and from within the body

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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40
Q

contains the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm, exclusive of the cell processes

it is primarily a trophic center

A

CELL BODY (PERIKARYON)

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41
Q

nucleus of nerve cells are

A

spherical
unusually large
euchromatic (pale-staining)
prominent nucleolus

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42
Q

most neurons are single nucleated but sometimes bi nucleated neurons are sometime found in

A

sympathetic and sensory ganglia

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43
Q

Chromatin of neurons are _________, reflecting the intense synthetic activity of these cells

A

finely dispersed

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44
Q

Cell bodies of neurons contain a (describe the organelles)

A

highly developed rough ER organized into aggregates of parallel cisternae.

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45
Q

chromatophilic substance made of basophilic clumps of RER and free ribosomes which can be seen under LM with appropriate stains

abundant in large nerve cells such as motor neurons

A

Nissl bodies

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46
Q

Golgi apparatus of the neuron is only found in the

A

cell body

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47
Q

Mitochondria- found throughout the cell and usually abundant in the

A

axon terminals

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48
Q

intermediate filaments are abundant both in

A

perikarya and processes

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49
Q

neurofilaments cross-linked with certain fixatives becoming visible with the light microscope when impreganated with silver salt

A

Neurofibrils

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50
Q

Neurons also contain microtubules and may also contain pigmented materials like_______ (consists of residual bodies left from lysosomal digestion)

A

lipofuscin

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51
Q

are usually short and divide like the branches of a tree

often covered with many synapses and are the principal signal reception and processing sites on neurons

A

Dendrites

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52
Q

sites of synapses with other neurons

found on dendrites surfaces

length and morphology are dependent on actin filaments and are highly plastic

A

Dendritic spines

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53
Q

are cylindrical process that varies in length and diameter according to the type of neuron.

A

Axon

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54
Q

All axons originate from a pyramid-shaped region, the ________, arising from the perikaryon

A

axon hillock

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55
Q

plasma membrane of the axon

A

Axolemma

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56
Q

cytoplasm of the axon

A

Axoplasm

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57
Q

Bidirectional Transport of Molecules along the Axon

A

Anterograde transport
Retrograde transport

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58
Q

movement of organelles and macromolecules synthesized in the cell body along the axon from the perikaryon to the synaptic terminals

A

Anterograde transport

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59
Q

macromolecules, such as material taken up by endocytosis (including viruses and toxins), are taken from the periphery to the cell body

A

Retrograde transport

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60
Q

Bidirectional Transport of Molecules along the Axon

both directions utilizes

A

motor proteins attached to microtubules

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61
Q

a microtubule-activated ATPase, attaches to vesicles and allows them to move along microtubules in axons away from the perikarya

A

kinesin

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62
Q

is a similar ATPase that allows retrograde transport in axons, toward the cell bodies

A

dynein

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63
Q

anterograde and retrograde transport both occur fairly rapidly, at rates of

A

50 to 400 mm/day.

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64
Q

MEMBRANE POTENTIALS

A

Resting membrane potential
Action potential or nerve impulse

65
Q

a potential difference across the axolemma of about 65 mV with the inside negative to the outside brought by movement of sodium and potassium out and into the cell

A

Resting membrane potential

66
Q

there is a sudden influx of extracellular Na+ that changes the resting potential from –65 mV to +30 mV and makes the cell interior positive in relation to the extracellular environment

A

Action potential or nerve impulse

67
Q

In action potential or nerve impulse +30 mV potential rapidly ______ the sodium channels and _______ the K+ channels, allowing this ion to leave the axon by diffusion and returning the membrane potential to –65 mV

A

closes the sodium channels
opens the potassium channels

68
Q

Duration of action potentials returning to resting membrane potentials

A

5 miliseconds

69
Q

Medical Application of action potentials

A

Local anesthetics bind to sodium channels which stops sodium transport

no sodium transport = no action potential = no nerve impulse

70
Q

SYNAPSE structures

A

Presynaptic axon terminal
Postsynaptic cell membrane
Synaptic cleft

71
Q

(terminal bouton) from which neurotransmitter is released

A

Presynaptic axon terminal

72
Q

with receptors for the transmitter and ion channels or other mechanisms to initiate a new impulse

A

Postsynaptic cell membrane

73
Q

separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

A

Synaptic cleft

74
Q

TYPES OF SYNAPSES SEEN BETWEEN NEURONS

A

Axosomatic Synapse
Axodendritic Synapse
Axoaxonic Synapse

75
Q

axon forms a synapse with a cell body

A

Axosomatic Synapse

76
Q

axon forms a synapse with a dendrite

A

Axodendritic Synapse

77
Q

axon forms a synapse with an axon

A

Axoaxonic Synapse

78
Q

responsible for the unidirectional transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to another cell

converts electrical signal (impulse) from the presynaptic cell into a chemical signal that acts on the postsynaptic cell

transmit information by releasing neurotransmitters during this signaling process.

A

Synapse

79
Q

are chemicals that bind specific receptor proteins to either open or closed ion channels or initiate second-messenger cascades

A

Neurotransmitters

80
Q

chemical messengers that modify neuron sensitivity to synaptic stimulation or inhibition, without acting directly on synapses

A

Neuromodulators

81
Q

Examples of neuromodulators

A

neuropeptides or steroids (produced in nerve tissue)

circulating steroids

82
Q

transmit ionic signals directly through gap junctions between the pre- and postsynaptic membranes

prominent in cardiac and smooth muscle

A

Electrical synapses

83
Q

Glial Cell Types

A

Oligodendrocyte
Neurolemmocyte
Astrocyte
Ependymal Cells
Microglia

84
Q

Origin and Location of Oligodendrocyte

A

Neural tube

CNS

85
Q

Origin and Location of Neurolemmocyte

A

Neural crest

Peripheral nerves

86
Q

Origin and Location of Astrocyte

A

Neural Tube

CNS

87
Q

Origin and Location of Ependymal Cells

A

Neural Tube

CNS

88
Q

Origin and Location of Microglia

A

Bone Marrow

CNS

89
Q

Oligodendrocyte MAIN FUNCTION

A

Myelin production, electric insulation

90
Q

Neurolemmocyte MAIN FUNCTION

A

Myelin production, electric insulation

91
Q

Astrocyte MAIN FUNCTION

A

Structural support,
repair processes,
Blood-brain barrier,
metabolic exchanges

92
Q

Ependymal Cells MAIN FUNCTION

A

Lining cavities of Central nervous System

93
Q

Microglia MAIN FUNCTION

A

Immune related activity

94
Q

myelinate parts of several axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

95
Q

have multiple processes and form perivascular feet that completely enclose all capillaries

A

Astrocytes

96
Q

are epithelial-like cells that line the ventricles and central canal

A

Ependymal cells

97
Q

have a protective, phagocytic, immunerelated function

A

Microglial cells

98
Q

commonly called Schwann cells, form a series enclosing axons

A

Neurolemmocytes

99
Q

are restricted to ganglia where they cover and support the large neuronal cell bodies

A

Satellite cells

100
Q

a disease where myelin sheath is damaged by an autoimmune mechanism with various neurologic consequences

microglia phagocytose and degrade myelin debris by receptor-mediated phagocytosis and lysosomal activity

A

Multiple Sclerosis

101
Q

microglia are infected by HIV-1 o interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor- , activate and enhance HIV replication in microglia

A

AIDS dementia complex

102
Q

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PRINCIPLE STRUCTURES

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Spinal cord

103
Q

All of the 3 structures of CNS has a region of these two types of matter

A

white and gray matter

104
Q

composed of myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes

A

white matter

105
Q

does not contain neuronal cell bodies, but microglia are present

A

gray matter

106
Q

Has no connective tissue and is therefore a relatively soft, gel-like organ

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

107
Q

layer of the cerebral cortex formed by very small neurons (the smallest in the body), which are densely packed together

A

inner granule layer

108
Q

Coordinates muscular activity throughout the body

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

109
Q

central layer of the cerebral cortex are made up of

A

very large neurons called Purkinje cells

110
Q

CEREBRAL CORTEX Three Layers

A

outer molecular layer
central layer
inner granule layer

111
Q

conspicuous even in H&E stained material and their dendrites extend throughout the molecular layer as a branching basket of nerve fibers

A

central layer of the cerebral cortex

112
Q

SPINAL CORD
white matter is __________
gray matter is ___________

A

white matter is PERIPHERAL
gray matter is INTERNAL

113
Q

SC gray matter is internal and has the general shape of an

A

H

114
Q

Forms found in the spinal cord:

A

anterior horns
posterior horns
central canal

115
Q

contain motor neurons whose axons make up the ventral roots of spinal nerves

A

anterior horns

116
Q

receive sensory fibers from neurons in the spinal ganglia (dorsal roots).

A

posterior horns

117
Q

develops from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube and is lined by ependymal cell

A

central canal

118
Q

Spinal cord neurons are

A

large and multipolar

119
Q

MENINGES IN THE SPINAL CORD

A

pia mater
arachnoid
dura mater

120
Q

MENINGES AROUND THE BRAIN

A

The dura, arachnoid, and pia mater also cover the entire surface of the brain

Arachnoid villi

121
Q

outpocketings of arachnoid away from the brain which penetrate the dura mater and enter bloodfilled venous sinuses found within the vasculature of the periosteum

A

Arachnoid villi

122
Q

function in releasing excess CSF into the blood from the subarachnoid space into venous sinuses

A

Arachnoid villi

123
Q

external layer consisting of dense, fibroelastic connective tissue continuous with the periosteum of the skull

A

Dura mater

124
Q

separates the dura mater from periosteum of the vertebrae

A

Epidural space

125
Q

separates the dura mater from the arachnoid by the thin__________

A

subdural space

126
Q

ARACHNOID Two Components:

A

a sheet of connective tissue in contact with the dura mater

a system of loosely arranged trabeculae containing fibroblasts and collagen

127
Q

is a large, sponge-like cavity

communicates with the ventricles of the brain.

A

Subarachnoid space

128
Q

forms a hydraulic cushion that protects the CNS from trauma.

A

subarachnoid space, filled with CSF that surrounds the trabeculae

129
Q

True or false: Arachnoid is vascular because larger blood vessels run through it

A

false, it is AVASCULAR because it lacks nutritive capillaries

130
Q

is lined internally by flattened, mesenchymally derived cells closely applied to the entire surface of the CNS tissue

A

Pia mater

131
Q

a thin limiting layer between the pia mater and the neural elements o adheres firmly to the pia mater

A

Astrocytic processes

132
Q

Together the _________ form a physical barrier at the CNS periphery that separates the CNS tissue from the CSF in the subarachnoid space

A

pia mater and glial layer

133
Q

functional barrier that allows much tighter control than that in most tissues over the passage of substances moving from blood into the CNS tissue, protecting the nature of the neuronal microenvironment

A

Blood Brain Barrier

134
Q

main structural component of the BBB o cells are tightly sealed together with well-developed occluding junctions and show little or no transcytosis

A

capillary endothelium

135
Q

consists of highly specialized regions of CNS tissue containing ependyma cells and vascularized pia mater that project from specific walls of the ventricles

A

Choroid plexus

136
Q

remove water from blood and release it as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Choroid plexus

137
Q

is clear, has a low density, contains Na+, K+ , and Cl– ions but very little protein, and its only cells are normally very sparse lymphocytes

important for metabolism within the CNS and acts to absorb mechanical shocks

A

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

138
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Main components:

A

nerves
ganglia
nerve endings

139
Q

provide the main pathway for absorption of CSF into the venous circulation since there are no lymphatic vessels in CNS tissue

A

arachnoid villi

140
Q

consist of axons enclosed within a special sheath of cells derived from the embryonic neural crest

A

Nerve fibers

141
Q

sheathe axons, also called neurolemmocytes

A

Schwann cells

142
Q
  • progressively thicker axons generally sheathed by increasingly numerous concentric wrappings of the enveloping cell
A

Myelinated nerve fibers

143
Q

a layer formed by multiple layers of Schwann cell membrane

A

Myelin

144
Q

a whitish lipoprotein complex whose abundant lipid component is partly removed by standard histologic procedures, as in all cell membranes

A

Myelin

145
Q

With the TEM the myelin sheath can appear as a ______________ in which individual membrane layers are seen

A

thick electron-dense cover

146
Q

PNS, even all unmyelinated axons are enveloped within

A

simple folds of Schwann cells

147
Q

In the PNS nerve fibers are

A

grouped into bundles to form nerves

148
Q

Connective Tissue Layers Enclosing Axons and Schwann Cells of Nerves

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

149
Q

an external dense, irregular fibrous coat

A

Epineurium

150
Q

a sleeve of specialized connective tissue formed by layers of flattened epithelial-like cells - a barrier that protects the nerve fibers and helping maintain the internal microenvironment

A

Perineurium

151
Q

enveloping connective tissue of Schwann cell–covered axons

A

Endoneurium

152
Q

ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies and glial cells supported by connective tissue

serve as relay stations to transmit nerve impulses, one nerve enters and another exits

A

Ganglia

153
Q

receive afferent impulses that go to the CNS

associated with both cranial nerves and the dorsal root of the spinal nerves

A

Sensory ganglia-

154
Q

effect the activity of smooth muscle, the secretion of some glands, modulate cardiac rhythm and other involuntary activities by which the body maintains a constant internal environment

A

Autonomic nerves

155
Q

Two parts of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

156
Q

Neuronal cell bodies of Sympathetic division
location

A

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

157
Q

Neuronal cell Parasympathetic division location

A

medulla and midbrain and in the sacral portion of the spinal cord

158
Q

Second neurons location of the Sympathetic division

A

located in small ganglia along the vertebral column

159
Q

Second neurons location of the Parasympathetic division

A

very small ganglia always located near or within the effector organs

Histo Finals (5 decks)

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