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Histo Finals > 12-Muscle > Flashcards

12-Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle functions

A
  • Responsible for locomotion and movement of the different parts of the body
  • Maintain an erect or seated position, or posture * Convert chemical energy to mechanical energy * Produce heat in the body
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2
Q

is the tendency of muscle cells to shorten significantly.

A

Contractility

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3
Q

is a muscle’s capacity to extend

A

Extensibility

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4
Q

is the tendency to rebound upon contracting.

A

Elasticity

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5
Q

is the ability to react to a stimulation that a hormone or motor neuron may deliver.

A

Excitability

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6
Q

Staining of muscle cells is

A

acidophilic or pinkish

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7
Q

The unit structure of muscles is ___________ in shape which is an adaptation to its function of ______

A

elongated
contraction

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8
Q

Sarcoplasm appears fibrillar due to its contents of

A

myofibrils

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9
Q

Cells are bound together by varying amounts of _________ containing blood vessels and nerves

A

areolar connective tissue

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10
Q

is responsible for muscle cell contraction

A

Myofilament

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11
Q

two types of Myofilament

A

Thick and thin

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12
Q

thin filaments are _____ in diameter and ___ long and composed primarily of the protein _____

A

6 to 8 nm in diameter, 1.0 um long

actin

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13
Q

thick filaments are _____ in diameter and ___ long and composed primarily of the protein _____

A

15 nm in diameter, 1.5 um long

mysosin II

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14
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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15
Q

is composed of bundles of very cylindrical, long, multinucleated cells that show striations cross

A

Skeletal muscle

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16
Q

Skeleteal muscle Contraction

A

quick, forceful, and usually under voluntary control

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17
Q

has cross-striations and is composed of elongated, branched individual cells that lie parallel to each other

A

Cardiac muscle

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18
Q

Cardiac muscle Contraction

A

involuntary, vigorous, and rhythmic

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19
Q

consists of collections of fusiform cells that do not show striations

A

Smooth muscle

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20
Q

Smooth muscle Contraction

A

process is slow and not subject to voluntary control

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21
Q

the cytoplasm of muscle cells and fibers which is acid in staining

A

Sarcoplasm

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22
Q

cell membrane complex

A

Sarcolemma

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23
Q

granules in the cytoplasm which under the electron microscope is actually mitochondrion

A

Sarcosome

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24
Q

fine threadlike structures in the sarcoplasm which is responsible for muscle contraction

A

Myofibrils

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25
Q

a linear unit

A

Sarcomere

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26
Q

refers to endoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

Skeletal muscle consists of muscle fibers, which are

A

long, cylindrical multinucleated cells with diameters of 10–100 um

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28
Q
  • Skeletal muscle nuclei characteristics
A

Long oval
Found in periphery of cell under cell membrane

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29
Q

Development of Skeletal Muscle

A

Myoblasts align and fuse together to make longer, multinucleated tubes called myotubes

Myotubes differentiating continue to form functional myofilaments and the nuclei are displaced against the sarcolemma

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30
Q

are unfused myeloblasts population located on the external surface of muscle fibers inside the developing external lamina

A

Satellite cells

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31
Q

these cells proliferate and produce new muscle fibers following muscle injury

A

Satellite cells

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32
Q

are responsible for the formation of primary myotubes, chainlike structures stretching between tendons of the developing muscle.

A

Early myoblasts

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33
Q

allow secondary myotubes to grow in the innervated region of muscle growth where the myotubes have close contact with nerve terminals.

A

Late myoblasts

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34
Q

increase cell volume

A

Hypertrophy

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35
Q

increase number of cells

A

Hyperplasia

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36
Q

dense connective tissue that enclosed the entire skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

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37
Q

wraps each fascicle of muscle fibers

A

Perimysium

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38
Q

delicate layer which surrounds muscle fibers individual (elongated multinuclear cells)

A

Endomysium

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39
Q

Basis of Muscle Fiber Types Classification

A

Contractile speed
Velocity of the myosin ATPase reaction
Metabolic profile

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40
Q

defines how easily fiber can contract and relax.

A

Contractile speed

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41
Q

determines the rate at which this enzyme will break down ATP molecules during the contraction process.

A

Velocity of the myosin ATPase reaction

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42
Q

reveals the ability of the oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis to generate ATP

A

Metabolic profile

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43
Q

Muscle Fiber types

A

I, IIa, IIb

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44
Q

Type I or slow, red oxidative fibers Metabolic profile

A

many mitochondria
abundant myoglobin and cytochrome complexes.

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45
Q

Red fibers (Type I) derive energy primarily from

A

aerobic oxidative phosphorylation of fatty acids

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46
Q

Type I fivers Contractile speed.

A

are slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant motor units

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47
Q

These fibers have great resistance to fatigue but generate less tension than other fibers

A

Type I or slow, red oxidative fibers

48
Q

a ____ is a single, brief contraction of the muscle

A

twitch

49
Q

Type I Velocity of the myosin ATPase reaction

A

SLOWEST

50
Q

medium in size and are adapted for rapid contractions and short bursts of activity

A

Type IIa or fast, intermediate oxidative-glycolytic fibers

51
Q

Type IIa or fast, intermediate oxidative-glycolytic fibers  Metabolic profile

A

many mitochondria and
much myoglobin
considerable glycogen.

52
Q

Type IIa or fast, intermediate oxidative-glycolytic fibers Contractile speed.

A

fast-twitch,
fatigue-resistant motor
high peak muscle tension.

53
Q

Type IIa or fast, intermediate oxidative-glycolytic fibers Velocity of the myosin ATPase

A

intermediate

54
Q

Type IIa or fast, intermediate oxidative-glycolytic fibers source of energy

A

BOTH oxidative metabolism and anaerobic glycolysis

55
Q

are typically small muscles adapted for rapid contraction with a relatively large number of neuromuscular junctions allowing precise, fine movements.

A

Type IIb or fast, white glycolytic fibers

56
Q

Type IIb or fast, white glycolytic fibers Metabolic profile

A

fewer mitochondria
less myoglobin
abundant glycogen

57
Q

Type IIb or fast, white glycolytic fibers Contractile speed

A

fast-twitch
generate high peak muscle tension
fatigue-prone motor units

58
Q

Type IIb or fast, white glycolytic fibers Velocity of the myosin

A

is the fastest of all the fibers

59
Q

long, multi-nucleated, cylindrical with a diameter of 10–100 um and packed with longitudinally organized structural subunits, myofibrils.

A

Muscle fibers

60
Q

are evident in favorable histological preparations and are better seen in muscle fiber cross-sections that give it a speckled appearance.

A

Myofibrils

61
Q

Myofibrils have a diameter of ________ and are made of

A

1–2 um

myofilament tubes.

62
Q

are the single filamentous polymers of myosin II (thick filaments) and actin (thin filaments) and its related proteins.

A

Myofilaments

63
Q

darker bands

A

A bands (anisotropic)

64
Q

lighter bands

A

I bands (isotropic)

65
Q

dark transverse line that bisects the I band

A

Z line

66
Q

the sarcomere, extends from Z line to Z line about _________ long in resting muscle

A

2.5 um

67
Q

associated with tropomyosin, which also forms a long fine polymer, and troponin, a globular complex of three subunits

A

F-actin

68
Q

is a long, thin molecule about 40 nm in length containing two polypeptide chains, which assembles to form a long polymer located in the groove between the two twisted actin strands

A

Tropomyosin

69
Q

TnT TnC TnI

A

troponin complexes

70
Q

Troponin complex that attaches to tropomyosin

A

TnT

71
Q

Troponin complex which binds calcium ions

A

TnC

72
Q

Troponin complex which inhibits the actin-myosin interaction

A

TnI

73
Q

Is a large complex: into two identical heavy chains and two pairs of light chains

A

Myosin

74
Q

are thin, rod-like molecules made up of two heavy chains twisted together as myosin tails

A

Myosin heavy chains

75
Q

Events of muscle contraction

A

ATTACHMENT
RELEASE
BENDING
FORCE GENERATION (POWER STROKE)
REATTACHMENT

76
Q

is a specialized stretch receptor in muscle; it consists of two types of modified muscle fibers

A

muscle spindle

77
Q

muscle spindle two types of modified muscle fibers

A

 spindle cells
 neuron terminals

78
Q

The muscle spindle transmits information via sensory________ nerve fibers to the central nervous system about the extent to which a muscle is stretched

A

afferent

79
Q

Sensory nerve fibers modulates the activity of the

A

gamma (y) motor (efferent) nerve fibers

80
Q

Cardiac muslces exhibit densely staining cross-bands, termed _________-, that cross the fibers in a linear fashion

A

intercalated discs

81
Q

consist of multiple end-to-end organized cylindrical cells

A

cardiac muscle fibers

82
Q

exhibit densely staining cross-bands, termed intercalated discs, that cross the fibers in a linear fashion

A

Cardiac Muscle

83
Q

has either one or two centrally located pale-staining nuclei

A

cardiac muscle cell

84
Q

Fatty acids- major fuel of the heart and are stored as

A

triglycerides in numerous lipid droplets

85
Q

often found near the nuclei of cardiac cells

A

Lipofuscin pigment

86
Q

In cardiac muscles The tubules are ________ in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is _____

A

more numerous and larger

less well developed

87
Q

Mitochondria occupies _____ of the cytoplasmic volume in cardiac muscles

A

40%

88
Q

A localized injury to cardiac muscle tissue that results in the death of cells is repaired by replacement with

A

fibrous connective tissue.

89
Q

T OR F Cardiac function can be regained at the site of injury

A

F

90
Q

where TnI is used as a marker for diagnosis

A

Myocardial Infarction

91
Q

Cells or fibers of smooth muscle are

A

long, tapering structures with elongated nuclei centrally located at the cell’s widest part

92
Q

Smooth muscle Concentrated near the nucleus are

A

mitochondria, polyribosomes, cisternae of rough ER, and the Golgi apparatus

93
Q

bundles of thin and thick myofilaments in smooth muscle cells crisscross ___________ through the membrane _______

A

obliquely

lattice network

94
Q

Thin filaments of smooth muscle cells lack ________________ and instead utilize _________

A

troponin complexes

calmodulin

95
Q

a calcium-binding protein that is also involved in the contraction of nonmuscle cells

A

calmodulin

96
Q

the enzyme that phosphorylates myosin, which is required for myosin’s interaction with F-actin

A

myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

97
Q

major intermediate filament protein in all smooth muscles

A

Desmin

98
Q

additional component in vascular smooth muscle.

A

Vimentin

99
Q

[Smooth muscle] contain-actinin functionally similar to the Z discs of striated and cardiac muscles

A

Dense bodies

100
Q

What components of smooth muscles insert to Dense bodies

A

Both intermediate filaments and F-actin filaments

101
Q

Contraction of Smooth Muscle

Events that lead to elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, which is directly responsible for muscle contraction

A

Electrical depolarizations
Chemical stimuli
Mechanical impulses

102
Q

Electrical depolarizations is described as release of

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters

103
Q

Chemical stimuli by which chemicals

A

angiotensin II, vasopressin or thromboxane A2

104
Q

Mechanical impulses examples

A

passive vascular smooth muscle stretching

105
Q

each cell is innervated and can contract independently

A

multiunit smooth muscle

106
Q

only a few cells are innervated but all cells are interconnected by gap junctions

A

unitary smooth muscle

107
Q

cause the contraction stimulation to spread across adjacent cells as a synchronized wave.

A

gap junctions

108
Q

The smooth muscles are composed of simpler, mononucleated cells that are

A

capable of dividing to maintain or increase their number.

109
Q

Smooth muscle cells have also been shown to develop from the division and differentiation of ______________ during the repair process after vascular injury

A

endothelial cells and pericytes

110
Q

Skeletal muscle- tissue can undergo regeneration

A

LIMITED

111
Q

Skeletal muscle source of regenerating cells is the sparse population of _________ that lies within the external lamina of each mature muscle fiber

A

mesenchymal satellite cells

112
Q

become activated, proliferating and fusing to form new skeletal muscle fibers after injury

A

Satellite cells

113
Q

Cardiac muscle_______ beyond early childhood

A

no regenerative capacity

114
Q

defects or damage in heart muscle are generally replaced by _______- forming myocardial scars

A

fibroblast proliferation and growth of connective tissue,

115
Q

Smooth muscle- capable of a ________ regenerative response.

A

more active

116
Q

participate in the repair of vascular smooth muscle

A

contractile pericytes

Histo Finals (5 decks)

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