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MCN 2 > 13 Health Problems Common in Adolescents > Flashcards

13 Health Problems Common in Adolescents Flashcards

1
Q

Absence of menstrual flow, strongly suggests
pregnancy but is no means definitive, because it can
also result from tension, anxiety, fatigue, chronic
illness, extreme dieting, or strenuous activity.

A

Amenorrhea

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2
Q

Types of Amenorrhea

A

Primary
Secondary

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3
Q

Absence of menstruation in someone who has not
had a period by age 15.

A

Primary Amenorrhea

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4
Q

The most common cause of primary amenorrhea
relates to _____

A

hormone levels

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5
Q

Absence of 3 or more periods in a row by someone
who has had periods in the past

A

Secondary Amenorrhea

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6
Q

_____ is the most common cause of secondary
amenorrhea

A

Pregnancy

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7
Q

Causes of Amenorrhea

A
  1. Natural Amenorrhea (Pregnancy, breastfeeding,
    menopause)
  2. Contraceptives
  3. Medications (Antipsychotic, cancer chemotherapy,
    antidepressants, BP drugs, allergy medications)
  4. Lifestyle factors (low body weight, excessive exercise,
    stress)
  5. Hormonal imbalance (PCOS, thyroid malfunction,
    pituitary tumor, premature menopause)
  6. Structural problems (uterine scarring, lack of
    reproductive organ, structural abnormality of vagina)
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8
Q

Medical Diagnosis for Amenorrhea

A

Blood Tests
Hormone Challenge Tests
Imaging Tests
Scope Tests

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9
Q

Blood Test for Amenorrhea

A

● Pregnancy Test
● Thyroid Function Test
● Ovary Function Test
● Prolactin Test
● Male Hormone Test

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10
Q

Imaging Tests for Amenorrhea

A

● Ultrasound
● MRI

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11
Q

Scope Test for Amenorrhea

A

● Hysteroscopy

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12
Q

Therapeutic Management of Amenorrhea

A

● Medication or medical treatment
● Healthy and balanced diet
● Moderate physical activities

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13
Q

Painful menstruation caused by the release of
prostaglandins in response to tissue destruction
during the ischemic phase of the menstrual cycle,
which leads to smooth muscle contraction and
uterine pain.

A

Dysmenorrhea

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14
Q

Types of Dysmenorrhea

A

Primary
Secondary

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15
Q

Painful menstrual periods are very common and it
occurs in the absence of organic disease

A

Primary Dysmenorrhea

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16
Q

Pain begins a day or two before the start of menstrual periods and ends within 12- 36 hours.

A

Primary Dysmenorrhea

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17
Q

Symptoms for Primary Dysmenorrhea

A

● Lower back and pelvic pain
● Pain in thighs and hips
● Headache and fatigue
● Nausea and vomiting
● Diarrhea
● Irritation and anxiety
● Eruption of acne

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18
Q

Causes of Primary Dysmenorrhea

A

● Contraction - Period Starts - Extreme
Contraction - Decreased Oxygen
● Prostaglandin activates contraction of uterus
- Progesterone drops, Prostaglandin
increases - Pressed blood vessels obstructs
oxygen flow - Muscular tissues (severe pain)

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19
Q

Painful menses which are less common and it occurs
as a result of organic disease.

A

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

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20
Q

Pain starts several days before the beginning of
periods and lasts even after the cycle for the month is complete

A

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

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21
Q

Symptoms: of Secondary Dysmenorrhea

A

● Sudden extreme abdominal pain
● Chills and fever
● Abnormal vaginal discharge
● Pain or vaginal bleeding after sexual
intercourse
● Heavy period bleeding with blood clots
● Low backache and pelvic pain
● Irregularity in periods
● Painful urination and bowel movement

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22
Q

Causes of Secondary Dysmenorrhea

A

● Endometriosis - abnormal growth of
endometrial cells outside the uterus - on the
fallopian tubes, pelvis and ovaries.
● Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) -
Inflammatory conditions of the genital tract
in females: the uterus, fallopian tubes, and
ovaries
● Cervical Stenosis - The opening of the
uterus is very narrow and obstructs the
menstrual flow.

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23
Q

Abnormal growth of endometrial cells outside the uterus - on the fallopian tubes, pelvis and ovaries.

A

Endomtriosis

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24
Q

Inflammatory conditions of the genital tract
in females: the uterus, fallopian tubes, and
ovaries

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

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25
Q

The opening of the uterus is very narrow and obstructs the menstrual flow.

A

Cervical Stenosis

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26
Q

Therapeutic Management for Dysmenorrhea

A

Pain Medication, Healthy Food, Warm Shower, Exercise, Relaxation, Heating Pad

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27
Q

Inflammation of the vulva or vagina, accompanied by
pain, odor, pruritus, vaginal discharge and bleeding

A

Vulvovaginitis

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28
Q

Causes of Vulvovaginitis

A

● Use of products that are too strong
● Activities (playing in sandboxes or on slides)
● Clothing (wearing wet clothes, bathing suits or tight
ballet leotards)
● Sexual abuse
● Skin problems (eczema)
● Weather

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29
Q

Over development or enlargement of male breast
tissue

A

Gynecomastia

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30
Q

Causes of Gynecomastia

A

● Hormonal imbalance (testosterone and estrogen)
● Medications (anxiolytics, antidepressants, male
fertility)
● Diseases/conditions (Testicular cancer, alcoholism,
livers disease)

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31
Q

Diagnosis for Gynecomastia

A

● Ultrasound
● Mammogram

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32
Q

Therapeutic Management of Gynecomastia

A

● Breast Reduction Surgery

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33
Q

Diseases that are spread through sexual contact with
an infected partner.

A

Sexually Transmitted Infections

34
Q

Causative Agent of Candidiasis Vaginal infection spread by fungus

A

Candida
Albicans

35
Q

Common Therapy for Candidiasis Vaginal infection spread by fungus

A

Clotrimazole or Miconazole (vaginal suppositories);
Fluconazole (PO); bathing with dilute sodium bicarbonate solution may relieve pruritus

36
Q

Vulvar reddening and pruritus, thick white
cheese like vaginal discharge

A

Candidiasis Vaginal infection spread by fungus

37
Q

Thin, irritating, frothy, gray-green discharge;
strong putrid odor; itching

A

Trichomoniasis

38
Q

Common Therapy for Trichomoniasis

A

Metronidazole or tinidazole (PO); douching with weak
vinegar solution to reduce pruritus

39
Q

Causative Agent for Herpes Genitalis

A

HSV-2

40
Q

Painful pinpoint vesicles on an erythematous base with a watery vaginal discharge possible; pain in urination

A

Herpes Genitalis

41
Q

Watery, gray-white vaginal discharge, vulvar itching

A

Chlamydia trachomatis infection

42
Q

Common Therapy for Chlamydia trachomatis infection

A

Tetracycline or doxycycline; erythromycin during
pregnancy

43
Q

Causative agent for Gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

44
Q

Common Therapy for Gonorrhea

A

Ceftriaxone and doxycycline

45
Q

Possibly symptomless; may have profuse yellow-green vaginal discharge

A

Gonorrhea

46
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

Causative agent for Syphillis

47
Q

Symptom of Syphillis

A

Painless deep ulcer on vulva or vagina

48
Q

Common Therapy for Syphillis

A

Benzathine penicillin (Intramuscularly)

49
Q

The disorder is caused by a retrovirus that infects
T-lymphocytes.

A

HIV Infection

50
Q

It may contracted through sexual intercourse,
exposure to infected blood or by vertical transmission to the fetus or newborn or by breastmilk to the newborn.

A

HIV Infection

51
Q

Diagnosis for HIV Infection

A

CD4 Cell Count
ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Western Blot test

52
Q

Determines how many T Lymphocytes (T4 cells) are present and functioning.

A

CD4 Cell Count

53
Q

Normal CD4 Cell Count

A

500 to 1,400 cells/mm3

54
Q

Susceptible CD4 Cell Count

A

Below 500 cells/mm3

55
Q

This test is usually the first one used to detect infection with HIV.

A

ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

56
Q

An antibody test that’s done on a blood sample. It’s used to confirm or disprove the results of an earlier test for HIV

A

Western Blot test -

57
Q

Therapeutic Management for HIV

A

Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

58
Q

Medicines used to slow the rate at which HIV makes in the body

A

Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

59
Q

A combination of 3 or more antiretroviral medicines - sometimes referred to as anti-HIV “_____”

A

“cocktail”

60
Q

Give 3 Antiretroviral medicines

A

○ Dolutegravir + abacavir + lamivudine
○ Dolutegravir + tenofovir + emtricitabine
○ Elvitegravir + cobicistat + tenofovir +
emtricitabine
○ Raltegravir + tenofovir + emtricitabine
○ Ritonavir-boosted darunavir + tenofovir +
emtricitabine

61
Q

Any unwanted sexual act or behavior forced on a
person without their consent

A

Sexual Assault

62
Q

SAAM

A

Sexual Assault Awareness Month

63
Q

When is SAAM?

A

May

64
Q

Examples of Sexual Assault

A
  1. Grabbing without permission
  2. Make someone give (or receive) oral sex
  3. Touching a person while incapacitated
  4. Threatening or coercing someone to have sex
  5. Touching with 04 an object without consent
65
Q

Signs of Sexual Abuse

A

● Verbal reports of sexual activity with an adult
● An awareness of sex and sexual vocabulary beyond
age expectations
● Participation in sexual expression with dolls
● Pregnancy in a girl younger than 15 years
● Perineal, vaginal, or anal inflammation
● Vaginal tears (laceration) or anal fissures
● Presence of a STI
● Symptoms of increased anxiety, such as sleep
disturbance, development of tics, nail biting, or
stuttering
● Change in school performance, school phobia, or
truancy
● Vague abdominal pain or acting out behavior

66
Q

Causes of Obesity

A

● Heredity
● Usage of Drugs
● High Calorie Foods
● Sedentary Lifestyle
● Midlife weight gain
● Hypothyroidism

67
Q

BMI Classification of <18.5

A

Underweight

68
Q

BMI Classification of 30 - 34.9

A

Obesity Class 1

69
Q

Types of Scoliosis

A

Thoracic
Lumbar
Thoraco-Lumbar
Combined

70
Q

Risk Factors for Scoliosis

A

Age
Sex
Family History

71
Q

Assessment Findings for Scoliosis

A

Adam’s Test

72
Q

Interventions for Scoliosis

A
  1. Monitor progression of the curvatures.
  2. Prepare the child and parents for the use of a brace if prescribed.
  3. Prepare the child and parents for surgery (spinal
    fusion, placement of internal instrumentation
    systems) if prescribed.
73
Q

May be done by thoracoscopic surgery,
placement of an instrumentation system, or use of
metallic staples placed into vertebral bodies.

A

Spinal Fusion

74
Q

Abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of
gaining weight and a distorted perception of weight.

A

Anorexia Nervosa

75
Q

Assessment Findings of Anorexia Nervosa

A

● Appetite loss and refusal to eat
● Appetite denial
● Feelings of lack of control
● Compulsive exercising
● Overachiever and perfectionist
● Decreased temperature, pulse & BP
● Weight loss
● GI disturbances: Constipation
● Teeth & gum deterioration
● Dry & scaly skin
● Hormone deficiencies
● Amenorrhea 3 consecutive menstrual periods
● Cyanosis & numbness of extremities
● Bone degeneration

76
Q

Indulges in eating binges followed by purging
behaviors.

A

Bulimia Nervosa

77
Q

Assessment Findings for Bulimia Nervosa

A

● Preoccupied with body shape and weight
● Consumption of high calorie food in secret; guilt
about secretive eating
● Binge purge syndrome
● Attempts to lose weight through diets, vomiting,
enemas, cathartics, and amphetamines or diuretics.
● Has a need to control, yet experiences feelings of
powerless or loss of control
● Low self esteem
● Poor interpersonal relationships
● Mood swings
● Electrolyte imbalance
● Physical alterations: Similar to those that occur with anorexia nervosa

78
Q

Interventions for Clients with Eating Disorders

A
  1. Assess nutritional status and the severity of any
    medical problems.
  2. Establish a therapeutic relationship with the client
  3. Encourage the client to express feelings about the
    eating behavior and how the client feels about his or
    her body.
  4. Be accepting and nonjudgmental.
  5. Weight daily at the same time, using the same scale,
    after the client voids; ensure the client is wearing the
    same clothing as when the previous weight was
    taken.
  6. Assess and limit the client’s activity level.
  7. Encourage the client to participate in diversional
    activities
  8. Assess suicide potential.
  9. Encourage psychotherapy.
  10. Refer to support group
79
Q

The ultimate act of self destruction in which an
individual purposely ends his or her own life.

A

Suicide

80
Q

Interventions for Suicide

A
  1. Assess for suicidal intent or ideation and initiate
    suicide precautions.
  2. Remove harmful objects.
  3. Do not leave the client alone.
  4. Provide a non judgmental, caring attitude.
  5. Encourage the client to talk about feelings and to
    identify positive aspects about self.
  6. Keep the client active by assigning achievable tasks.
  7. Check that visitors do not leave harmful objects in the
    client’s room.
  8. Do not allow the client to leave the unit unless
    accompanied by a staff member.
  9. Continue to asses the client’s suicide potential

MCN 2 (4 decks)

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