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MCN 2 > 12 Health Problems in Toddlers and Preschoolers > Flashcards

12 Health Problems in Toddlers and Preschoolers Flashcards

1
Q

The result of heat transfer from one site to another. They are caused by excessive heat, but are also related to cold, chemicals, electricity and radiation.

A

Burn Injury

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2
Q

____ disrupt the skin, which leads to increased fluid loss; infection; hypothermia; scarring; compromised immunity; and changes in function, appearance, and body image.

A

Burns

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3
Q

_____ and _____ continue to have increased morbidity and mortality when compared to other age groups with similar injuries.

A

Young children and the elderly

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4
Q

_____injuries in addition to cutaneous burns worsen the prognosis.

A

Inhalation

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5
Q

Types of Burns

A

Thermal Burns
Chemical Burns
Electrical Burns
Other Burns

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6
Q

Most common type of burn, usually the result of residential fires, automobile accidents, children playing with matches, improperly stored gasoline, space heater, arson, improper handling of firecracker, scalding accidents, hot irons

A

Thermal Burns

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7
Q

Result from contact or ingestion, inhalation or injection of acids, alkalis, vesicants or noxious agents used in cleaning products

A

Chemical Burns

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7
Q

Result from contact or ingestion, inhalation or injection of acids, alkalis, vesicants or noxious agents used in cleaning products

A

Chemical Burns

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8
Q

Sunburn, cigarette burn, friction or abrasion burn

A

Other Burns

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9
Q

_____ results from coagulation, protein denaturation, or ionization of cellular components

A

Tissue destruction

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10
Q

Burns that do not exceed 20% of TBSA according to the Rule of Nines produces a _____

A

Local response

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11
Q

Burns that exceeds 20% of TBSA according to the Rule of Nines produces a _____

A

Systemic response

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12
Q

_____ is caused by the release of cytokines and
other mediators into the systemic circulation.

A

Systemic response

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13
Q

The release of _____ and changes in blood flow, tissue edema, and infection, can cause progression of the burn injury.

A

local mediators

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14
Q

2 level of response to Burn Injury

A

Local response
Systemic Response

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15
Q

Edema results from increased capillary permeability forcing water, electrolytes into the interstitial spaces

A

Local Response

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16
Q

Fluid loss from the burn-injured skin is a result of the _____

A

inflammatory response

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17
Q

Circulatory alterations cause _____ in the burned area

A

capillary stasis

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18
Q

_____ develop, leading tissue ischemia and necrosis causing pain and edema

A

Thrombi

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19
Q

Cardiovascular changes occur, burn shock, tachycardia, tachypnea to compensate for decreasing vascular volume and increased oxygen needs

A

Systemic Response

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20
Q

_____ may occur with severe edema compromises circulation and entraps nerves

A

Compartment Syndrome

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21
Q

Respiratory system may be compromised by _____

A

Smoke Inhalation

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22
Q

Renal changes occur, such as renal vasoconstriction, depressed _____

A

Glomerular filtration

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23
Q

_____ is greatly increased - can lead to prolonged starvation and extensive energy needs

A

Metabolism

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24
Q

Elevated _____ because of increased metabolism

A

body temperature

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25
Q

Prone to _____ due to loss of skin and tissue integrity and immature immune system

A

infection

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26
Q

Degree of Burns

A

First, Second, Third and Fourth

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27
Q

Damage is limited to epidermis, causing erythema and pain

A

First Degree

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28
Q

Epidermis and part of the dermis are damaged, producing blisters and mild to moderate edema and pain

A

Second Degree

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29
Q

Epidermis and dermis are damaged; no blisters appear, but white, brown or black leathery tissue and thrombosed vessels are visible

A

Third Degree

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30
Q

Rare and damage extends through deeply charred subcutaneous tissue to muscle and bone

A

Fourth Degree

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31
Q

This is the immediate consequence of fluid loss and results in decreased perfusion and oxygen delivery.

A

Hypovolemia

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32
Q

Cardiac output decreases before any significant
change in blood volume is evident.

A

Decreased cardiac output

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33
Q

Forms rapidly after burn injury

A

Edema

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34
Q

Circulating blood volume decreases dramatically during burn shock.

A

Decreased circulating blood volume

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35
Q

Common during the first week of the acute
phase, as water shifts from the interstitial space to the vascular space.

A

Hyponatremia

36
Q

Immediately after burn injury _____ results from massive cell destruction.

A

Hyperkalemia

37
Q

Loss of skin results in an inability to regulate body temperature.

A

Hypothermia

38
Q

Burns that make up _____ or more of TBSA are considered critical and require hospitalization

A

10%

39
Q

TBSA

A

Total body surface area

40
Q

Children’s larger body surface areas put them at high risk for fluid volume and heat loss leading to _____

A

Dehydration

41
Q

To estimate the extent of a burn in a pediatric patient, use the _____

A

Lund and Bowder chart

42
Q

The _____is a quick way to estimate the extent of burns in adults through dividing the body into multiples of nine and the sum total of these parts is equal to the total body surface area injured

A

Rule of Nines

43
Q

This method recognizes the percentage of
surface area of various anatomic parts, especially the head and the legs, as it relates to the age of the patient.

A

Lund and Browder Method

44
Q

The size of the patient’s palm, not including the surface area of the digits, is approximately 1% of the TBSA, and the patient’s palm without the fingers is equivalent to 0.5% TBSA and serves as a general measurement for all age groups.

A

Palmer Method

45
Q

Complications of Burns

A

Respiratory Complications
Sepsis
Burn Shock
Fluid and electrolyte deficits
Hypothermia
Hypermetabolism
Hypovolemic Shock
Infections
Scarring and disfigurement
Contractures
Multisystem organ failure

46
Q

Treatment for Minor Burns

A

Removed burned clothing
Clean with mild soap and tepid water
Leave blisters intact
Nothing should be applied except a clean cloth that is treated with antimicrobial ointment or cream
Tetanus prophylaxes is necessary if no history of immunization
Mild analgesic is administered

47
Q

Moderate to severe burns

A

Requires treatment at a specialized burn center
Emergency management begins with stopping the burning process and placing the child in horizontal position
Establish and maintain patent airway. Initiate SPR if necessary
Removed burned clothing and jewelries while keeping the child warm
Cover the burn to prevent contamination
Until transported to a medical facility do not let the patient eat or drink anything. IV fluids should be started and oxygen therapy provided at 100%

48
Q

Initial management in the Burn unit

A

Maintenance of adequate airway
IV fluid replacement should be started as soon as possible
Intubation and mechanical ventilation may be necessary
Urinary catheter is inserted to measure urine output
NGT is necessary to decompress the stomach, later, may be used to administer TPN
IV pain medication administered
Topical wound cleaning to prevent infection
Tetanus prophylaxis is administered

49
Q

The acute or intermediate phase begins 48 to 72 hours after the burn injury. _____ and _____ are priorities at this stage.

A

Burn wound care and pain control

50
Q

Rehabilitation should begin immediately after the burn has occurred. _____, _____ and _____ remain priorities.

A

Wound healing, psychosocial support, and restoring maximum functional activity

51
Q

Occurs most commonly in children between ages 2 to 3 years old

A

Poisoning

52
Q

Common agents in childhood poisoning include:

A

Soap
Cosmetics
Detergents and Cleaners
Plants
OTC Drugs - vitamins, iron compounds, aspirin

53
Q

Treatment for Acetaminophen poisoning

A

Activated charcoal
Acetylcysteine

54
Q

Ingestion of strong alkali such as lye, which is often contained in toilet bowl cleaners or hair care products, may cause burns and tissue necrosis in the mouth, esophagus and stomach

A

Caustic Poisoning

55
Q

Do not try to make the child _____ after ingestion because they can cause additional burning as the child vomited

A

Vomit

56
Q

_____ may lead to systemic signs of tachycardia, tachypnea, pallor and cyanosis

A

Loss of blood

57
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Poisoning

A

Chest radiograph
Esophagoscopy
Barium Swallow

58
Q

There is a high possibility that pharyngeal edema will be severe and can obstruct the airway in 20 minutes after burn, _____ may be necessary to provide patent airway

A

Intubation

59
Q

Are substances contained in products such as kerosene and furniture polish

A

Hydrocarbon Ingestion

60
Q

These substances are volatile, fumes rise from them. Their major effect if respiratory irritating

A

Hydrocarbon Ingestion

61
Q

Are frequently swallowed by small children because it is an ingredient in vitamin preparation for pregnancy

A

Iron poisoning

62
Q

When ingested, it is corrosive to the gastric mucosa and can cause gastric irritation

A

Iron poisoning

63
Q

Signs and symptoms of Poisoning

A

Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain
After 6 hours, these symptoms fade and the child’s condition appear to improve , however, hemorrhagic necrosis of the GI tract has occurred
By 12 hours, melena and hematemesis are present
Lethargy, coma, cyanosis, coagulation defect and hepatic injury can occur

64
Q

_____ will be done to remove any pills not yet absorbed

A

Stomach lavage

65
Q

A _____ may be given to help the child pass enteric-coated iron pill

A

cathartic

66
Q

_____ should not be given - not effective in neutralizing iron

A

Activated charcoal

67
Q

If large dose was ingested, Chelating agent must be given - _____ - must be given IV or IM - can be excreted in the urine

A

Deferoxamine

68
Q

Interferes with RBC function by blocking the incorporation of iron into the compound that makes up the heme portion of hemoglobin

A

Lead poisoning

69
Q

Sources of ingested lead

A

Paint chips, home glazed pottery, swallowed batteries

70
Q

Diagnostic test for Lead poisoning

A

Blood lead determination

71
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Lead Poisoning

A

Asymptomatic
Anorexia and abdominal pain

72
Q

Children with 20 ug/dL may be prescribed with oral chelating agent such as _____

A

Succimer

73
Q

Insecticide poisoning when swallowed, _____ may be administered

A

Activated charcoal

74
Q

Cholinesterase reactivator - are effective antidote to severe cases

A

Protapam Chloride

75
Q

Submersion injury is also knows as the “_____”

A

Silent Event

76
Q

_____ is the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths.

A

Drowning

77
Q

Children, _____ and individuals with increased access to water are most at risk of drowning.

A

males

78
Q

Globally, the highest drowning rates are among children _____ years, followed by children _____ years.

A

1–4, 5–9

79
Q

In the WHO Western Pacific Region children aged _____ die more frequently from drowning than any other cause.

A

5–14 years

80
Q

Abuse is a “_____” behavior.

A

learned

81
Q

Most common type of mistreatment: Failure to provide the child’s basic needs and care

A

Neglect

82
Q

Two types of Neglect

A

Physical, Emotional

83
Q

Contributing Factors of Neglect

A
  • Lack of knowledge by caregiver
  • Lack of resources
  • Substance abuse
  • Can lead to elder abuse
84
Q

Any physical attack repeated or occurring just once

A

Physical Abuse

85
Q

Causes of Shaken baby Syndrome

A
  • Crying baby
  • Maternal stress
  • Depression
86
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Shaken baby syndrome

A

Subdural or retinal hemorrhage without external signs

87
Q

Individuals who exhibit the characteristics of this syndrome fabricate, exaggerate, or cause illness or sickness, usually of their own child. MSBP is a form of child abuse and can prove fatal.

A

MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME BY PROXY

88
Q

An illness that one person fabricates or induces in another person

A

MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME BY PROXY

MCN 2 (4 decks)

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