1.3 - Energy for exercise Flashcards
Using the ATP/PC system as your example, explain the principle of a coupled reaction (4)
- products of one reaction are used for the second reaction
- first reaction is exothermic so produces energy
- For example: PC -> P + C + ENERGY
- second reaction is endothermic and uses energy from the first reaction
- For example: breakdown of PC provides energy which can be used for resynthesise of ATP
what is the fuel used for ATP/PC
- phosphocreatine
general details of the ATP/PC system
- predominantly anaerobic
- coupled reaction
- Exothermic
What is the formula and the yield for the ATP/PC system
PC -> P + C + ENERGY
ENERGY + ADP + Pi = ATP
1:1
Location of the ATP/PC system
muscle cell sarcoplasm
What is the enzyme used to breakdown Phosphocreatine
creatine kinase
What type of activity uses the ATP/PC system
high intensity, short in duration
100m sprint
Advantages and disadvantages of the ATP/PC system
Advantages:
- PC is stored in the muscle cell so is readily available
- does not require O2
- Quick resynthesis time
Disadvantages:
- Low yield
- Deplete within 10 seconds of exercise
what fuel does the lactic acid system use
- Glycogen
Formula and yield for Lactic acid system
GPP PFK
Glycogen ——– Glucose ——— Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid -> lactic acid (No O2 available)
- 2 ATP released when glucose is broken down
1:2
Site of reaction for lactic acid system
- Muscle cell sarcoplasm
What are the enzymes used in the lactic acid system and function
GPP - Glycogen to glucose
PFK - glucose to pyruvic acid
which Type of activity uses the lactic acid system
- High intensity, short duration
- 400m running
Advantages and disadvantages of the lactic acid system
Advantage:
- good speed endurance
- Large glycogen store in the muscle
- Stored in muscle cell so is readily available
Disadvantages:
- Produces fatiguing by products
- lactic acid can inhibit enzymes
- not as quick
Fuel used for aerobic energy system
- Glycogen
What is the yield for the aerobic system and the breakdown for ATP produced in each step
1:38 ATP
2 ATP at the Glycolysis stage
2 ATP at the Krebs Cycle stage
34 ATP at the electron transport chain
What is the site of Glycolysis (aerobic system)
Muscle cell sarcoplasm
What is the site of the krebs cycle (aerobic system)
Matrix of mitochondria
What is the site of the Electron transport chain (aerobic system)
cristae of mitochondria
Formula of Aerobic system
Step 1: Glycolysis
- glucose broken down into pyruvic acid
- (Produces 2 ATP)
- with the presence of O2 the pyruvic acid enters the link reaction where it binds with Coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA
Step 2: Krebs cycle
- Acetyl CoA enters the krebs cycle
- binds with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid
- CO2 are produced
- oxidised to form Hydrogen atoms
- (2 ATP)
Step 3:
- Hydrogen atoms combine with NAD and FAD
- carried along the electron transport chain
- hydrogen atoms split into hydrogen electrons
- Hydrogen electrons combine with oxygen (the final electron acceptor) to form water
- during this 34 ATP is produced
What type of activity uses aerobic energy system
- 3 mins+
- marathon, 1500m
Advantages and disadvantages of the aerobic energy system
Advantages:
- high ATP yield
- no fatiguing by products
Disadvantages:
- only suitable for low to moderate exercise
Explain the role of ATP
- only useable source of energy
- has high energy phosphate bonds
- ATP-> ADP + P+ ENERGY
- Exothermic reaction so releases energy
- can be re synthesised via the energy systems
- ADP + P + ENERGY -> ATP
Explain how the majority of ATP would be re synthesised by a marathon runner (5)
- Aerobic system
- fuel: glycogen
- stages: glycolysis, krebs, ETC
- sites of stages
- Yield
- process of each stage (products)
- Duration of system
- Intensity of system
Using examples of a team sport, describe how players re synthesise ATP during a game using the ATP/PC system and lactic acid system (6)
ATP-PC:
- Defender sprinting to make a slide tackle in football
- high intensity (<10 seconds)
- phosphocreatine
- yield
- process
- creatine kinase
- coupled reaction
- muscle cell sarcoplasm
Lactic acid system:
- player turning over the ball in defence and starting a counter attack
- High intensity (up to 3 mins)
- fuel
- yield
- process
- enzyme action
- process
- location
how does oxygen and fuel availability affect ATP re synthesis and what energy system is used (4)
- if oxygen was available then the aerobic system would be predominant (aerobic)
- if it wasn’t available then the anaerobic system will be predominant (lactic)
- If there are high PC stores then the lactic system will be predominant
- if glycogen or carbohydrate is present then the aerobic system will be the predominant
Net ballers arguing about positioning on the energy continuum. Discuss factors to consider that they may both be correct
- Position on court (Centre will do more anaerobic work than a keeper)
- Standard of game (aerobic intensity may increase with a rise in standard)
- tactics ( high tempo game - pressing?)
- Motivation (effort put in by player, importance of the game
During a 100m sprint an athlete resynthesises ATP. what is the fuel and the site of the reaction
- Phosphocreatine
- sarcoplasm
Describe the predominant energy system used by elite swimmers during the 100m free style
Lactic acid system
- anaerobic
- glycogen
- sarcoplasm
- yield
- process
- enzymes
Why can’t the lactic acid system last more than several minutes
- fatiguing by product
- increase blood acidity
- inhibits and denatures enzyme action
using sporting examples, compare the energy expenditure and energy intake of elite athletes to untrained performers
- all elite performers will have greater energy expenditure due to the demands of the sport
- energy intake will need to increase
- in order to maintain energy balance
- increase in protein and carbs
Identify the processes that occur during the fast component of excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
- ALACTACID DEBT
- Re synthesise all ATP and PC
- Replenish all myoglobin oxygen stores
2-3 mins
4 litres of oxygen
- energy for these endothermic reactions is made available by the aerobic energy system breaking down carbs and fats
Identify the processes that occur during the slow component of excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
- LACTACID DEBT
- lactic acid accumulated needs to be removed
- removal of lactic acid (lactic acid is converted back to Pyruvic acid)
-60% of lactic acid is used as a metabolic fuel to support functions such as thermoregulation - takes an hour
- 5-8 litres of oxygen
Recovery process for planning physical activity sessions - examples of a training session you might plan
- speed training (work relief = 1:3) - 2-3mins full recovery
- speed endurance (work relief = 1:2
- endurance training (ratio = 1:1 or 1:0.5)
What is the energy continuum
refers to the contribution of each energy system to the production of energy, depending on the intensity and duration of the sport.
