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PYB215 - No. 2 > 13. Dealing with Crimes 3: Treatment of offenders > Flashcards

13. Dealing with Crimes 3: Treatment of offenders Flashcards

1
Q

What is Rehabilitation?

A

Rehabilitation is a model that emphasises the provision of treatment
programs designed to reform the offender

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2
Q

What does rehabilitation belong to?

A

Rehabilitation belongs to the modern penal system, C19th

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3
Q

What was the classical penal system informed by?

A

Previously, the classical penal system was informed by ‘enlightenment’
(focused on the dignity and worth of the individual)

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4
Q

according to the classic model, what does free will enable?

A

Free will enables human beings to purposely and deliberately choose to
follow a calculated course of action

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5
Q

According to the classic model of rehab, what is crime?

A

Crime is attractive and is controlled through the fear of punishment

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6
Q

According to the classic model of rehab, what is punishment?

A

Punishment is to be applied equally to all offenders and works best when perceived to be: Severe, Certain, Swift

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7
Q

What was the classic model of rehab?

A

utilitarian

“greatest happiness for the greatest number”

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8
Q

According to the classic model of rehab, what are criminals?

A

Criminals are essentially the same as non-­criminals. They commit crimes
after calculating costs and benefits

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9
Q

How did rehab and the modern penal system emerge?

A

emerged with the growth of new scientific disciplines like psychiatry,
psychology and psychotherapy

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10
Q

What approach does the modern penal system take?

A

positivist

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11
Q

According the modern penal system, what is human behaviour?

A

Human behaviour is determined and not a matter of free will

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12
Q

According the modern penal system, what is crimes caused by?

A

Crime is frequently caused by multiple factors

(psychological, biological, or social) that constrain our rationality

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13
Q

According the modern penal system, what are criminals?

A

Criminals are fundamentally different from non-­criminals

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14
Q

What does the modern penal system focus on?

A

Focused on offenders rather than systems

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15
Q

According the modern penal system, how is punishment to be applied?

A

Punishment to be applied differently to different offenders (‘what
works for whom, where and when?’)

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16
Q

What are the modern penal system programs designed to address?

A

Programs designed to address criminal propensities

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17
Q

What does contemporary rehabilitation emphasise?

A

Emphasises personal responsibility for offending

and rehabilitation

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18
Q

What does contemporary rehab often involve?

A

Often involves: restorative justice, therapeutic jurisprudence, specialist
courts

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19
Q

What is restorative justice?

A

“a process whereby all the parties with a stake in a
particular offence come together to resolve collectively how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future”

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20
Q

What does contemporary rehab focus on?

A

Focuses on the needs of victims of crime

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21
Q

How does contemporary rehab deal with offenders?

A

• holds offenders accountable and responsible for the harm
they have caused
• Offenders have to acknowledge their wrongdoing and
repair harm to victim

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22
Q

What model does contemporary rehab involve?

A

Involves conferencing models

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23
Q

What are the conferencing models?

A

victim/offender mediation
(relatives and authorities are also involved);; circle sentencing;;
family group conferencing;; community reparation boards

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24
Q

What is the definition of Therapeutic Jurisprudence?

A

legal term that describes criminal justice and court
initiatives that focus on therapeutic interventions to start
to rehabilitate an offender during the court process
and can sometimes be referred to
as collaborative justice

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25
Q

What does Therapeutic Jurisprudence recognise?

A

recognises that the law and legal process can have
positive or negative effects on participants, including
offenders

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26
Q

What does Therapeutic Jurisprudence look at?

A

TJ may look at how the court works, sentencing process,

sentences, speciality courts, etc.

27
Q

What were speciality or problem solving coruts established to address?

A

• Drug dependency in offenders (drug courts)
• Mental health problems and offending (mental health
courts)
• Indigenous over-­representation (Indigenous courts)
• Family and domestic violence (family violence court)

28
Q

What purposes do speciality or problem solving courts serve?

A

Can serve 1 of 3 roles:
• Court as case manager – ongoing
• Diversionary operators and case monitors – alternatives
• Specialist adjudicator – sentences

29
Q

What can key approaches to offender rehab inorm?

A

Key approaches can inform treatment in custodial

and community settings

30
Q

What are the key approaches to offender rehab?

A

• The Risk-­Need-­Responsivity (RNR) model –
psychological (offender deficit) model
• The Good Lives Model (GLM) –psychosocial
(desistence) model

31
Q

What is the Risk-Need-Resonsivity Model?

A

The Risk-­Need-­Responsivity (RNR) model is a correctional
intervention model based on the factors of risk, need, and
responsivity
Usually specific tools are used to assess the 3 levels (e.g the LSI-­R)

32
Q

What are the three levels that the RNR assesses?

A

Risk principle
Need principle
responsivity principle

33
Q

what is the underlying question of the risk principle and what does it tell us?

A

How likely is a person to engage in criminal behaviours?

tells us who to target for what types of treatment

34
Q

What does the risk principle help to organise?

A

Helps organise the treatment of offenders according to the

level of risk they pose to society

35
Q

What do High risk and low risk offenders need?

A

– High risk offenders need more treatment and supervision to
decrease their likelihood of recidivism
– Low risk offenders need less treatment and supervision to
decrease their likelihood of recidivism

36
Q

What is the underlying question of the need principle?

A

What areas in a person’s life should be targeted for
intervention/supervision in order to decrease their
likelihood of future criminal behaviour?

37
Q

What does the need principle assess?

A

Assess criminogenic needs, apply treatment and

interventions to those needs

38
Q

What factors contribute to the likelihood that someone will commit a crime according to the need principle?

A

Criminogenic needs or dynamic risk factors contribute to the likelihood that someone will commit a crime; amenable to change

Non-criminogenic needs can also be assessed and treated

39
Q

What criminogenic needs might contribute to crime committing under the need principle?

A

• antisocial attitudes, values, and beliefs (rationalising
“everybody does it, so what’s the problem”, “I have the
right to do what I want” or denial of responsibility “I was
framed”, “I’ve already been punished enough”)
• low self control
• criminal peers
• substance abuse
• lack of employment
• dysfunctional family

40
Q

What happens when non-criminogenic needs are changed?

A

If changed these may have an indirect impact

on criminal behaviour and recidivism:

41
Q

What are non-criminogenic needs?

A 
Non-­ criminogenic needs might include:
• low self-­esteem
• anxiety
• lack of parenting skills
• medical needs
• victimisation issues
• learning disability
42
Q

What is the underlying question of responsivity principle?

A

What personal strengths and/or characteristics of offenders (motivation, learning style, ethnic identity) might influence the effectiveness of treatment services?

43
Q

What forms of responsivity is assessed in rehab?

A

General and specific responsivity is assessed

44
Q

What is general responsivity?

A

General Responsivity states that offender treatment programs

need to maximise the offender’s ability to learn/change

45
Q

What does general responsivity identify and focus on?

A 
Identify and focus on personal strengths
– Computer skills
– Strong family relationships
– High educational level
– History of stable employment
– Strong ties to recovering community
46
Q

What does specific responsivity assess?

A 
Specific responsivity assesses individual factors that might influence
the effectiveness of treatment services, such as:
– Anxiety
– ADHD
– Motivation Level
– Gender
– Reading Level/ESL
– Language
47
Q

What are the weaknesses of the RNR model?

A

• Difficulty in motivating offenders (offenders want to
know how they can lead a better life, and what the
positive rewards in desisting from crime are)
• Deficit-­oriented approach
• Negative (or avoidant) treatment goals
• Does not always recognise the role of:
– personal identity or agency
– non-­criminogenic needs
– context in rehabilitation

48
Q

What do alternative models to RNR usually involve?

A

Alternative models to RNR usually involve Desistance Theories
(Maruna 2001) such as the Good Lives Model (GLM)

49
Q

What is Desistance?

A

“Desistance is seen as a maintenance process, a long term abstinence
from crime among individuals who had previously engaged in persistent
patterns of criminal offending (e.g. through aging, maturation, ‘a steady
job and the love of a good woman’)” (Maruna, 2001, 56)

50
Q

What approaches do Desistance theories incorporate?

A

Desistance theories incorporate strengths-­based approaches, oriented towards reducing reoffending from a more positive recognition of offender strengths and personal capital
• Go beyond tackling risk factors, towards a ‘holistic reconstruction of
the self’

51
Q

What do desistance theories focus on?

A

Focus on discovering agency (personal responsibility)

52
Q

What is the Good Lives Model based on?

A

Desistance

53
Q

What is the underlying belief of the Good Lives Model?

A

“We have been so busy thinking about how to
reduce sexual crimes that we have overlooked a
rather basic truth: recidivism may be further
reduced through helping offenders to live better
lives, not simply targeting isolated risk factors.”

54
Q

What are the nine basic human goals that the Good Life Model works on strengthening?

A
  • Life (Healthy living, optimal physical functioning, sexual satisfaction)
  • Knowledge
  • Excellence in work and play (including mastery experiences)
  • Excellence in agency (autonomy and self-­directedness)
  • Inner peace (freedom from emotional turmoil and stress)
  • Relatedness (including intimate, romantic and family relationships)
  • Spirituality (broad sense of finding meaning and purpose in life)
  • Happiness
  • Creativity
55
Q

What is the argument behind the Good Life Model?

A

Key Argument:
• Human behaviour is directed towards goal of achieving
fundamental needs or ‘primary human goods’
• Difficulties in achieving primary goods in socially
appropriate ways will possibly lead to antisocial or
offending behaviour
• Goal of treatment is to recognise individual agency and
build capacity/opportunity to meet primary goods in
socially appropriate ways
• Requires a strong ‘therapeutic alliance’ non-­
confrontational, motivational and collaborative approach

56
Q

What are the weaknesses of Desistance Theories?

A

• The concept of desistance is not well defined
• The desistance approach focuses on developmental process rather
than intervention effectiveness/outcome
• a lack of current evidence of efficacy
• diversity in views of ‘the good life’,
• which offenders really need ‘holistic reconstruction of the self’ is
unknown
• antisocial ‘good lives plans’ might work quite well for some
offenders, and therefore actually support offending. For example
some sex offenders
• Challenges for case management practices

57
Q

Where do clinical forensic psychologists carry out treatment of sex offenders?

A

Clinical FPs carry out treatment with sex offenders inside correctional facilities, in the
community and in mental health facilities (various different types, focusing mostly on risk factors)

58
Q

What to sex-offender treatment programs often address?

A 
– Denial, minimisations and cognitive distortions
– Empathy for victims
– Social skills
– Substance abuse
– Deviant sexual interests
– Relapse prevention
59
Q

What do Experimental FPs research with regards to sex offenders?

A

Experimental FPs research future risk of sex offenders;; treatment needs;; and treatment evaluation
(much disagreement)

60
Q

What do Experimental FPs research with regards to homicide offenders?

A

Experimental FPs research types of homicides, future risk, and treatment needs (very few
working in this space)

61
Q

Where do clinical forensic psychologists carry out treatment of homicide offenders?

A

Clinical FPs carry out treatment (for some) inside correctional facilities, in the community and in
mental health facilities (usually includes general violence too)

62
Q

What does homicide offender treatment commonly address?

A

Treatment for violence commonly addresses:
– Anger management
– Self-­regulation/control
– Problem solving
– Interpersonal skills
– Social attitudes (see example worksheet)

63
Q

What services does the Qld corrective service offer?

A

Queensland Corrective Services offers a number
of programs in prisons and in the community. See
the link below for fact sheets on each of the
programs available

PYB215 - No. 2 (7 decks)

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