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Neuroanatomy > 13. Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

13. Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

General points

  • Role
  • Purely ____
  • What is the master regulator?
A
  • Maintains the internal environment
  • Purely motor
  • Hypothalamus
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2
Q

General points

Name the CNS higher centers of the ANS

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Neocortex
  • Hypothalamus
  • Medullary & pontine reticular formation
  • Reticulospinal tracts
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3
Q

What is the master regulator of the ANS

A

Hypothalamus
* Connected to adenohypophysis via portal circulation
* Connected to neurohypophysis via neurons
* Continues caudally as the midbrain and brainstem reticular formation

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4
Q

Name functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • Bladder control
  • Vasopressins (ADH) and oxytocin production
  • Temperature regulation
  • Hunger
  • Thirst
  • Aggression
  • Sexual function
  • Sleep regulation
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5
Q

Reticulospinal tracts
* Ventral vs lateral?

A
  • Lateral horn (sympathetic);
  • Ventral horn (parasympathetic)
  • Many collaterals (bilateral effects)
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6
Q

Describe the 2 neurons of the ANS

Slide 7

A
  • Pre-ganglionic: CB in gray matter, myelinated
  • Post-ganglioninc: CB in ganglion outside of CNS, UNmyelinated

Sympathetic: short pre-ganglionic.
Pre = ACh, Post = EPI (a/b adrenergic receptors)

Parasympathetic: long pre-ganglionic, ganglia close to effector organ
Pre/post = ACh (n/mAChRs)

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7
Q

What are ‘boutons en passage’?

Slide 8

A

Bead-like swellings at the terminal portion of post-ganglionic axons; near the surface of effector cells

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8
Q

Name and locate the pre-ganglionic nuclei of the ANS

A
  • pS nuclei of III, VII, IX, X
  • Intermediolateral nucleus (T1-L3) S
  • Sacral pS nucleus (S2-S3)
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9
Q

What/where is the pre-ganglionic sympathetic nucleus?

A

T1-L3; intermediolateral nucleus
Pre-ganglioninic (ACh) = short; Post-ganglionic (EPI) = long

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10
Q

What/where are the preganglionic parasympathetic nuclei?

A
  • Brainstem pS nuclei III, VII, IX, X
  • Parasympathetic sacral nucleus (S2-3)

Pre ganglionic (ACh) = long; post-ganglioninc (ACh) = short

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11
Q

The initial pathway for all sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons is the same. Describe it.

Slide 11

A

CB in intermediolateral nucleus (T1-L3) -> ventral nerve root -> communicans ramus -> sympathetic trunk gangion or other travel to other site -> post-ganglionic fibers then travel along blood vessels

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12
Q

What are the 3 sympathetic ganglia

A

Sympathetic trunk
Terminal ganglia
Collateral ganglia

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13
Q

The sympathetic chain ganglia is paired, runs along ventrolateral surface of the vertebral column, and continues rostrally as the…

A

Cervicothoracic vertebral system

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14
Q

Middle cervical ganglion

A
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15
Q

Cervicothoracic ganglion

A
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16
Q

Cranial cervical ganglion

A
17
Q

Role of ALPHA adrenergic receptor (a1, a2)

A
  • Vasoconstriction - increasing BP
  • Internal urethral sphincter contration
  • GIT sphincter contraction
  • Pupil dilation
18
Q

BETA adrenergic receptor (B1, B2)- foun where? role?

A
  • Effector organs of post-ganglionic S fibers
  • Increased HR and contraction force
  • GIT smooth muscle relaxation
  • Detrusor relaxation
  • Bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxation
19
Q

nAChRs - found where? blocked by what?

A
  • Neuromuscular synapses
  • All autonomic ganglia (pS and S)
  • Ion channels (K, Na)
  • Blocker by anti-cholinergic (Atropine)
20
Q

mAChRs - Found where? role?

A
  • Effector organs of post-ganglionic paraS fibers
  • GPCRs
  • Variable fct (lower HR and BP, increase GI motility, detrusor contraction)
21
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the eye (steps)

A
  • Hypothalamus - N1
  • Lateral tectosegmental spinal tract (lateral funiculus)
  • Intermediolateral nucleus (T1-3, lateral grey column) - N2
  • Ventral nerve root - spinal nerve - communicans ramus
  • Sympathetic trunk
  • Cranial cervical ganglion - N3
  • Post-ganglionic fibers travel with internal carotid artery, reaches middle ear, travels with ophthalmic branch of CNVi, entering orbital fissure, then ciliary branch of ophthalmic nerve
  • Pupillary dilator muscle + smooth muscles of the orbit
22
Q

Pharmacological testing of Horner syndrome
* Pre-ganglionic lx
* Post-ganglionic lx
* Central lx

A
  • Pre: PHENYLEPHRINE (a1 agonsit) - rapid mydriasis due to denervation hypersensitivity
  • Post: HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE (causes NE release)
  • Central: COCAINE
23
Q

Consequences of Horner syndrome

A
  • Miosis
  • Ptosis
  • 3rd eyelid protrusion
  • Enophthalmos (due to orbital smooth muscle relaxation)
  • Bulbar conjunctival hyperemia
  • Retinal blood vessels congestion
  • Warm and pink skin (vasodilation)
  • Hypo or anhidriosis
  • Sweating (horses)
  • Decreased eyelash angle (horses) - dernevation of arrector pilorum
24
Q

Bladder ctl - parasympathetic pathway

A
  • pS sacral nucleus (S2-3)
  • Pelvic nerve (pre-ganglionic neurons)
  • Pelvic ganglion
  • Detrusor muscle (mAChR) = detrusor contraction
25
Q

Bladder ctl - sympathetic pathway

A
  • L1-L4 of the Intermediolateral nucleus
  • Sympathetic trunk - splanchnic nerves (pre-ganglionic)
  • Caudal mesenteric ganglion
  • Hypogastric nerve (post-ganglionic)
  • Internal smooth muscle urethral sphincter = contraction (a-adrenergic)
  • Detrusor = inhibition of contraction (B adrenergic)
26
Q

Bladder ctl - somatic pathway

A
  • S1-S3
  • Pudendal nerve
  • nAChRs on striated urethral shincter = contraction
27
Q

Bladder ctl - sensory pathway

A
  • Bladder distension
  • Mechanoreceptors (bladder wall and urethra)
  • Pelvic nerve (S2-3)
  • DRG - dorsal grey column - white matter
  • Pontine micturition center
28
Q

Which SC tract is responsible of UMN bladder ctl

A

Corticospinal tract

29
Q
A

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

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