13. Animal Behavior + Flashcards

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1
Q

Instinct

A
  • behavior that is innate, or inherited

- ex. care for offspring by female parents

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2
Q

Fixed Action Pattern

A
  • innate behvaior following a regular, unvarying pattern. Initiated by a specific stimuli called sign stimuli and completed even if orginal intent of behavior cannot be fulfilled.
  • ex. goose methodically rolling egg back to nest even if it slips away or is removed. Will retrieve any object resembling the egg.
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3
Q

Imprinting

A
  • innate program for acquiring specific behavior only if appropriate stimulus is experienced during critical period. once acquired, it is irreversible.
  • ex. gosling accepting any moving object as mother during first day of life.
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4
Q

Associative Learning

A
  • when an animal recognzies events are connected.
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5
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  • animal perform behavior in response to substitute stimulus rather than normal stimulus
  • ex. dogs salivate when presented w/ food. bell ringing with food could stimulate salivation w/ bell alone.
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6
Q

Trial-and-error learning (operant conditioning)

A

another form of associative learning that occurs when
animal connects its own behavior with environmental response, reward. If response is desirable (positive
reinforcement), animal will repeat behavior. If negative/undesirable (painful, e.g. punishment), animal
avoids behavior (positive reinforcement = add something good to increase a behavior; negative
reinforcement = take away something bad to increase a behavior vs positive punishment = add something
bad to decrease behavior; negative punishment = take away something good to decrease behavior)

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7
Q

Extinction

A

reversal of behavior in absence of stimulus

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8
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A
  • recovery of conditioned response to conditioned stimulus after delay following extinction
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9
Q

Spatial Learning

A

Another form of associative learning. Animal associates attributes of landmark with
reward of identifying and returning to that location
i. Ex: Wasps able to associate pinecones with location of nest (lost upon removal)

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10
Q

Habituation

A
  • learned behavior that allows animal to disregard meaningless stimuli.
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11
Q

Observational Learning

A
  • animal copies behavior of another w/o having experienced any feedback themselves.
  • washing off potato in water.
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12
Q

Insight

A
  • when animal exposed to new situation w/o prior experience performs a behavior that generates a + outcome.
  • ex. chimpanzee stacks boxes to reach bananas previously out of reach
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13
Q

Circadian rhythms

A
  • daily cycles of behavior
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14
Q

Kinesis

A
  • undirected change in speed of an animal’s movement in response to a stimulus. slow down in favorable environment and speed up in unfavorable environemnt
  • ex. animals scurrying when a rock is lifted up.
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15
Q

Taxis

A
  • directed movement in response to stimulus.
  • movement is either toward or away.
  • phototaxis is movement toward light.
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16
Q

Migration

A
  • long-distance, seasonal movement of animals. usually in response to availability of food/degradation of environmental conditions.
17
Q

Phermones

A
  • chemicals used for communication
  • Chemicals that trigger reversible behavioral changes are called releaser pheromones; those that cause long term physiological (and behavioral) changes are called primer
    pheromones.
18
Q

Agonistic Behavior

A
  • aggression and submission
  • originates from competition from food, mates, or territory
  • agonistic behavior is ritualized, so injuries and time in contests are minimized
19
Q

Altruistic behavior

A
  • seemingly unselfish behavior that appears to reduce fitness of individual- when an animal risks
    its safety in defense of another/in order to help another individual rear its young
  • increases inclusive fitness (individual and relatives)
  • kin selection: natural selection that increases inclusive fitness
  • haplodiploid reproductive system of bees