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604 EX 1 > 1.3 adaptive immunity > Flashcards

1.3 adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive immunity characteristics

A
  • slow response
  • variable
  • numerous (almost unlimited) highly selective specificities
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2
Q

which cells do adaptive immunity?

A

B cells, T cell

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3
Q

what do mast cells play a role in?

A

anaphylaxis/allergic rxns

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4
Q

what do dendritic cells do?

A

picks up infection and takes it to lymph node, this stimulates adaptive immunity by interacting with B and T cells

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5
Q

T- cells are released from the lymph node via ______

A

efferent lymphatc

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6
Q

when dendritic cells react with T and B cells it can result in _____

A

antibodies or effector T cells

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7
Q

B- cell receptor

A
  • has 2 heavy chains held together by cistine bridge

- 2 light chains with antigen-binding site held onto heavy chains with cistine brige

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8
Q

T cell receptor

A
  • anchored into transmembrane region with alpha and beta

- 2 antigen binding sites

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9
Q

Epitope

A

sites where unique antibodies can bind

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10
Q

1 antigen can have multiple epitopes, but each epitope is ______

A

antigenically unique

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11
Q

Antibodies made for a measles virus ______ (can/cant) bind to influenza virus

A

CANT

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12
Q

How is specificity generated?

A

somatic recombination combines unique J region with unique V region; the other stuff is cut and excised from genome

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13
Q

creation of specificity occurs in each ______ and is different because?

A

lymphocyte, different VJs and joining regions

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14
Q

how does clonal selection take place?

A
  • stem cell makes B/T progeny
  • only 1 or 2 react with a specific pathogen
  • these 1 or 2 are triggered to divide/proliferate
  • pathogen activated lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells and eliminate pathogen
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15
Q

what two things can antibodies do?

A

neutralization and opsonizatoin

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16
Q

what is neutralization?

A
  • toxins react with cell receptors
  • if there are antibodies present, they can form a lattice and neutralize the toxins
  • tail of antibody interacts with receptor on surface
  • this activates uptake, internalization, degradation
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17
Q

what is opsonization?

A
  • bacteria is in Extracellular space
  • antibody coats pathogen
  • antibody tail can interact with complement or bind to receptor on macrophage
  • antibody is taken up, broken down by phagocyte
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18
Q

_____ is the first antibody made against an infecting pathogen

A

IgM

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19
Q

how do you determine the class of an antibody?

A

the heavy chain constant region

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20
Q

somatic hypermutation

A

mutations that allow the antibodies to have a higher affinity for the antigen

21
Q

steps of antibody specificity increasing with response?

A
  1. IgM made
  2. somatic hypermutation picks antibodies that bind more tightly
  3. antibodies isotype switch to IgG and allows delivery of pathogen to phagocytes
22
Q

why does IgM switch to IgG?

A

the affinity increases with class switch

23
Q

what are the 2 types of T cells

A

CD4, CD8

24
Q

T cells regulate _________

A

immune response

25
Q

activated B cell turns into ____ which makes ____

A

plasma cell, antibodies

26
Q

how does CD4 work?

A
  • recognize receptor on surface of macrophage
  • CD4 makes cytokines
  • these cytokines activate macrophages
  • macrophage does respiratory burst and releases cytokines
27
Q

how does CD8 work

A
  • interacts with receptor on surface of virally infected cell
  • this interaction stimulates CD8 cell to induce apoptosis
28
Q

how does CD4 T cell work with B cell?

A
  • CD4T makes cytokines that activate B cell

- B cell turns to a plasma cell and releases antibodies

29
Q

how does a dendritic cell present antigens to the T cells?

A
  • dendritic cell takes up pathogen for degradation
  • pathogen taken apart inside cell
  • pathogen unfolded and cut into small pieces/peptides
  • peptides bind to MHC and the MHC goes to the surface
  • T cell receptors bind to peptide-MHC complex
30
Q

______ are involved in tissue rejection of transplant patients, what does it look like?

A

MHC 1

- 3 domain protein

31
Q

_____ has 2 different molecules but they both bind peptide together

A

MHC2

32
Q

RBC don’t have _____

A

MHC

33
Q

what is the co-receptor for MHC class I?

A

CD8 T-cell

34
Q

what is the co-receptor for MHC class II?

A

CD4 T-cell

35
Q

how does MHCII protect against extracellular agents with macrophages?

A
  • macrophage engulfs and degrades bacterium making peptides
  • bacterial peptides bind to MCH class II in vesicles
  • bound peptides transported by MHC to cell surface
  • Helper T-cell recognizes complex of peptide+MHC class II
  • T helper cell activates macrophage and macrophage activates T cell to proliferate
36
Q

how does MHCII protect against extracellular antigens with B cells?

A
  • cell surface immunoglobulin of B cell binds bacteria
  • cell engulfs and degrades them, making peptides
  • bacterial peptides bind to MHC class II
  • transported by MCHII to surface
  • T helper cell MUST recognize epitope/antigenic site complex and activates B cell
  • b cell starts making antibodies; stimulates T cell to proliferate
37
Q

What are the 3 antigen presenting cells? (APC) all present to T cells

A
  1. dendritic
  2. macrophage
  3. B cell
38
Q

most cells in the body have ______ molecules

A

MHC 1

39
Q

ONLY antigen presenting cells have _____ molecules

A

MHC2

40
Q

MHC1 protects against _____

A

intracellular agents

41
Q

how does MHC 1 protect against a virus?

A
  1. virus infects cell
  2. virus proteins synthesized in cytoplasm
  3. peptide fragments of viral proteins bind to MHC 1 in ER
  4. peptides transported by MHC to surface
  5. cytotoxic T cell recognizes complex and kills infected cell
42
Q

B receptors/antibody must recognize the _____

A

native protein structure

43
Q

it is important for the proteins antigen to have the correct ________

A

3d structure, cant recognize if denatured!

44
Q

how does Clonal selection make sure there is no self antigens?

A
  • positively selected thermocytes survive and divide

- if T cells recognize self cells they are triggered for apoptosis (negative selection)

45
Q

neutrophil fxn

A

eat/die

46
Q

basophil/eosinophil fxn

A

go after parasites

47
Q

macrophage fxn

A

mature monocyte, ready to eat, clean stuff up, present antigens

48
Q

mast cell

A

covered in IgE and inolved in allergy rxns

49
Q

EX of unwanted adaptive immunity response?

A
  • T cells react with MHC/peptide complex on surface of healthy B-cell in pancreas and attack them killing their ability to fxn (juvenile Diabetes )
  • pollen can produce symptoms of a respiratory infection by IgE mediated degranulation of mast cells

604 EX 1 (5 decks)

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