1.3 Flashcards
What are the four types of micronutrients?
Minerals, vitamins, water, fibre
What are the three main groups of carbohydrates?
Mono, di and poly saccharides
What is the basic structure of monosaccharides?
One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom present
Sucrose is made from what?
Glucose + fructose
Lactose is made from what?
Glucose + galactose
Maltose is made from what?
Glucose + Glucose
What are the three types of macronutrients?
Carbs, proteins and lipids
What is amylose?
An unbranched polymer that is used for the storage of energy.
What shape does amylose form?
A spiral
What is amylopectin?
A branched polymer of glucose molecules used for quick release energy
What is the storage molecule for animals?
Glycogen
Is glycogen branched or unbranched?
Branched
What are fats and lipids made up of?
A fatty acid and glycerol
What is a the structure of fatty acids?
Long hydrocarbon chains that are made up of a pleated backbone of carbon atoms attached to a carbonyl group at one end
What is the common length of carbon chains in a fatty acid backbone?
15-17 carbon atoms long
What does saturated mean?
When each carbon atom is joined to the adjacent one by a single covalent bond
What is a fat or oil made up of?
Glycerol combined with one two or three fatty acid tails
How do fatty acids and glycerol bond?
Between the carboxylate group of the fatty acid and the of the hydroxyl groups of the glycerol
What type of reaction occurs when a fatty acid and glycerol bond?
A type of condensation reaction known esterification
What four elements make up proteins?
Carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen
What are proteins made up of?
Amino acids combined in a long chain
What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
An amino group and a carboxyl group attached to a carbon atom
How do amino acids join together?
Via a reaction between the amino group of one of the amino acids and the carboxyl group of another
What bond forms between amino acids?
A peptide bond
What type of reaction occurs when amino acids join together?
A condensation reaction
What 3 types of bonds form between amino acids?
Hydrogen bonds, sulphur bridges and ionic bonds
What is primary structure?
The linear sequence of amino acids with peptide bonds
What is secondary structure?
The repeating pattern in the structure of peptide chains such as an alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
What is tertiary structure?
The three dimensional folding of secondary structure
What is quaternary structure?
The three dimensional arrangement of one or more tertiary polypeptide
What sort of structure do fibrous proteins have?
They have little or no tertiary structure. With long parallel chains with occasional cross linkages
Are fibrous proteins soluble or insoluble?
Insoluble
What sort of structure do globular proteins have?
Complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structure. Folded into spherical shapes that form colloids
Are globular proteins soluble or insoluble?
Soluble
What are conjugated proteins?
When proteins are joined to another molecule called a prosthetic group
What are lipoproteins?
Proteins conjugated with lipids
