1.3

Question 1

19th Amendment

Answer 1

Passed in 1920 it granted women the right to vote under the same rules as men

Question 2

Women’s Bureau of Labour

Answer 2

Set up in 1920 to advance women’s working conditions and helped increase the number of women in work from 7,640,000 in 1910 to 13,007,000 in 1940

Question 3

Flappers

Answer 3

Women in the 1920s who went against social norms. They worked, wore short dresses, smoked etc. Shifted public opinion on women however many stopped being flappers once married

Question 4

Great Depression (Women)

Answer 4

Many women got jobs to support their husbands who had lost jobs during the Great Depression. However women could not work more than 10 hrs and so had to break this rule to work more

Question 5

New Deal (Women)

Answer 5

Did little to help women

Eleanor Roosevelt set up Camp Tera to help women. However they were not paid and was not initially federally funded

Black women were worse off then white women and had less help and one black women set up the Housewives League and encouraged shopping at black stores

Question 6

WWII (Women)

Answer 6

Women again took up jobs of men who had gone off the fight
- Women’s Land Army reformed
- Women were able to train for jobs during the war
- Still suffered from poor conditions especially black women who were treated horribly

Question 7

Post-WWII (Women)

Answer 7

Despite initial loss of jobs following the return of men the number of married women working increased from 10.1% to 22% by 1950.

Men were also now more in favour of married women working with their opinion changing

Question 8

Suburbs

Answer 8

• The development of suburbs changed social expectations of women who were to stay at home and look after the children.
• 19 million more people lived in suburbs in 1960 than 1950
• Women had lots of free leisure time due to time saving devices
• Those in cities didn’t change much because of suburbs

Question 9

Actions of JFK

Answer 9

In 1961, President Kennedy, influenced by Eleanor Roosevelt, set up a Commission of Enquiry on the Status of Women. Its results were published in 1963

Question 10

Equal Pay Act

Answer 10

1963 prohibited discrimination of wages on the basis of gender and opened up more job opportunities for women

However was not enforced properly

Question 11

Betty Friedan

Answer 11

In 1963, Betty Friedan, a psychologist and journalist, published a book called The Feminine Mystique. Friedan’s book got many women thinking about women’s rights. This spurred some women (especially educated, middle-class, white women) to organise themselves and work more actively for women’s rights.

Question 12

National Organisation for Women

Answer 12

National Organization for Women (NOW), set up on 30 June 1966. Friedan was one of its founder members.
The national organisations aimed to work within the political system to get equality and better enforcement of the Civil Rights Act and the Equal Pay Act.

Question 13

Opposition to women’s movement

Answer 13

• Some conservative women like Phyllis Schlafly did not want change for women
• Many men objected to changes not helped by radical women declaring on men the enemy
• Not all women wanted abortions and free access to contraception

Question 14

Gains for women

Answer 14

• In 1967, President Johnson extended his executive order calling for affirmative action to improve employment conditions for those discriminated against on the grounds of race, creed or colour to cover sexual discrimination as well.
• In 1972, the Supreme Court ruled on the Eisenstadt v Baird case, allowing access to contraception to unmarried as well as married women.
• Abortion was federally legalised on 22 January 1973, by a Supreme Court ruling in the case of Roe v Wade

Question 15

Pre-WWI Immigration

Answer 15

Open door policy allowing all people in to the ‘melting pot’

Question 16

The Dillingham Commission

Answer 16

Investigated effect of immigration between 1907 and 1911

Determined it posed a threat to the American way but distinguished ‘old’ immigration from Ireland, Britain etc and ‘new’ immigrations from south and eastern Europe

Question 17

Emergency Quota Act

Answer 17

1921 set immigration to a limit of 3% of the number of people from that country living in the US in the 1910 census

Question 18

1st Red Scare

Answer 18

Made people afraid of those from Eastern Europe who were seen as linked to Communism

Question 19

Great Depression (Immigration)

Answer 19

As there was no limit of immigration from South America there were many Mexicans in the US. During Great Depression over 400,000 Mexican workers were deported to open up jobs

Question 20

‘Melting Pot’

Answer 20

Idea that America was a mix of people from everywhere. However most people gravitated to areas which developed like Chinatown and Little Italy

Question 21

Impact of WWII on Immigration

Answer 21

Those descended from Italians, Germans and Japanese considered enemies

Internment of Japanese following Pearl Harbour

Many joined the army however were sent to Europe not the Pacific

Question 22

Post-WWII (Immigration)

Answer 22

• After the Second World War, the government passed the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act, which still used quotas.
• From 1953 onwards, a variety of ‘refugee Acts’ allowed a set number of refugees into the USA outside of the quota.
• The government also had difficulty in coping with large numbers of refugees, as when Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba in 1959. The USA opposed Castro and, over the next three years, 200,000 Cubans fled to the USA.

Question 23

Vietnam War (Immigration)

Answer 23

Led to over 700,000 immigrants from Vietnam

Question 24

Operation Wetback

Answer 24

Deportation of millions of Mexicans and South Americans who had immigrated illegally. Many however, were legal American citizens

Question 25

The Jazz Singer

Answer 25

1927 the first ‘talkie’ as part of the development of cinema

Question 26

Number of cinema seats

Answer 26

By 1941 there was 1 seat for every 12.5 people in the US (10,500,000 seats)

Question 27

Clara Bow

Answer 27

A movie star in the 1930s who was seen as the ‘It’ girl who was like a flapper. Many women wanted to dress and be like her

Question 28

Regulating movies

Answer 28

The Motion Picture Production Code (Hays code) was introduced and applied to films from 1930-1966 and prohibited what was seen as immoral acts in films

Question 29

Jazz

Answer 29

A form of music developed from that of slaves and African Americans and was very popular in the 1920s as people could dance to it.

Conservatives disliked Jazz and saw it as morally bad

Question 30

Sale of Records

Answer 30

Very popular as most homes and a gramophone. 1929 $75 million worth of records sales

Question 31

Radio’s

Answer 31

Ownership grew in 20s and 30s and politicians began to use them for adds and spreading messages

Question 32

Radio Act

Answer 32

1927 acts set up the regulation of radio frequencies requiring federal licences

Question 33

Development of TV

Answer 33

Grew in the 1950s and companies used it to display adds as well as politicians who would use it for campaigns

Question 34

Expansion of TV

Answer 34

As TV developed reruns began to be shown as less was shown live and presidential debates were shown of TV including that of Nixon and Kennedy

Question 35

Broadcast News

Answer 35

Radio allowed news to be broadcast to people and felt more trustworthy as it had someone speaking it

With the development of TV news broadcast began and became more influential as people felt they could trust the news more

Different channels began to interpret news differently depending on their views and opinions

Question 36

Jimmy Carter and Media

Answer 36

• Initially liked Carter and portrayed him in a positive light (60%-70% support in early months)
• Eventually as people began to dislike Carter news aired stories on his brother and showed Carter collapsing after a marathon to make him seem weak
• News also spread of him being ‘attacked’ by a rabbit further making him seem weak