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A Level History Edexcel USA > 1.2 > Flashcards

1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

A series of laws in southern states which created segregation

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2
Q

Booker T. Washington

A

Black American who advocated accepting segregation

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3
Q

Lynching

A

Between 1915 and 1930 65 white men and 579 black men were lynched in the south

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4
Q

Emmet Till

A

14 year old boy who was lynched in 1955 after allegedly asking a white girl on a date. It got lots of publicity and caused great shock

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5
Q

KKK

A

A white supremacist organisation revived in 1915. Estimated membership 1925 range from 3 to 8 million

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6
Q

Plessy v Ferguson

A

1896 Supreme Court case which implemented the ‘operate but equal’ doctrine

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7
Q

Great Migration

A

Between 1917 - 1932 there was a wave of black migration from south to the north and east. Mainly went to cities (40% of blacks in North America in big cities). Was still level of segregation in cities.

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8
Q

Impact of Great Migration on North

A
  • Population of cities grew.
  • Black vote became important
  • Most migrants poor with low paying jobs
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9
Q

Impact of Great Migration on South

A
  • Labour force shrank
  • Farmers struggled
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10
Q

New Deal (Black Americans)

A
  • Blacks were often moved off jobs for whites
  • Some blacks protested New Deal
  • Black churches set up support during depression
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11
Q

NAACP

A

National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People.
- Founded 1910
- Provided legal help to black Americans
- Was main civil rights organisation for whole period
- 90,000 members in 1919
- 600,000 members in 1945

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12
Q

Legal Challenges

A

NAACP provided legal help for blacks

Won some cases in 30s and 40s and all in the 1950s

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13
Q

Marcus Garvey

A

Advocated for black Americans to go back to Africa

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14
Q

Thurgood Marshall

A

Black lawyer who was leading layer in Brown v Board.

1st African American appointed to Supreme Court in 1967

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15
Q

WWII

A
  • Black workers were able to get trained
  • Executive order 8802 meant discrimination in defence work was not allowed
  • Following war Truman desegregated military in 1948 through executive orders
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16
Q

National Urban League

A

Early Civil Rights campaign group to help organise protests

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17
Q

Brown v Board of Education

A

Supreme Court Case ruling in 1954 desegregated schools as it was deemed that schools were not equal

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18
Q

CORE

A

Congress of Racial Equality an organisation set up in 1942 to help pioneer tactics of direct action in protests

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19
Q

Rules for non-violent protests

A
  • Dress respectably
  • Not be loud or abusive
  • Not fight back if attacked
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20
Q

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A

Montgomery, Alabama
1955-1956 lasted 380 days
- Rosa Parks refuse to give up seat
- MLK led the boycott
- Ended when segregation on bus rolled illegal

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21
Q

Martin Luther King Jr

A
  • Face of Civil Rights campaign
  • Believed in non-violent protest with whites involved
  • Assassinated in 1968
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22
Q

Little Rock Nine

A

Little Rock, Arkansas 1957
- Nine Black students sent to previously segregated school.
- Met with great resistance and hostility
- Eisenhower sent federal troops in to protect students after meeting with MLK

23
Q

Greensboro sit-in

A

Greensboro, North Carolina 1960
- 4 black students went to white part of lunch counter and waited until stir closed
- Next day 30 more came
- Whites in counter shouted and threw food at them
- Publicity showed people what blacks had to deal with on a daily basis

24
Q

SNCC

A

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
- Set up in 1960 in North Carolina
- Worked to train people on how to participate in non- violent action
- Took non-violent protests to places where expected to be met with violence

25
Q

Freedom Ride

A

CORE and SNCC
- Organised bus rides to see if restroom facilities desegregated
- 1961 took bus rides into Deep South
- Met with violence and buses attacked by firebombs

26
Q

Birmingham, Alabama

A

1963 King and SCLC led push to desegregate
- Knew it would provoke violence
- Tried to fill jails by being arrested
- Chief of Police ordered use of fire hoses and dogs
- JFK sent in troops and felt ashamed seeing it
- Birmingham was then desegregated

27
Q

March on Washington

A

1963 over 100,000 marched on Washington

MLK ‘I have a dream speech’

28
Q

Freedom Summer

A

1964 SNCC tried to send large numbers to register to vote in the south

Only 1,600 of 17,000 who applied accepted

Lots of violence and 6 people killed

29
Q

Black Militancy

A

A more violent campaign which did not wish to include non blacks in it

30
Q

Malcom X

A
  • Did not believe in non-violent protest
  • Did not believe whites should be involved in campaign
  • Was advocate for black militancy
  • Assassinated in 1965
31
Q

Stokely Carmichael

A

Leader of SNCC who was founder of black power as part of a more violent campaign

32
Q

March against Fear

A

Led by James Meredith who was shot on the second day and Carmichael used this to try and get the SNCC to radicalise

33
Q

Black Power

A

Part of a new slogan for the SNCC developed by Carmichael for a more radical opposition

Was not a coherent force and so limited its effectiveness but did achieve success in increasing job opportunities for blacks though setting up unions and pushing for equal pay

34
Q

Riots

A

In 1964 were riots in response to police brutality and continued each year till 1971.

Increased speed of Civil Rights legislation but created bad image of protestors in media

35
Q

Northern Crusade

A

Planned campaign by MLK 1966
- Attempted to deal with social issues in North including extent of ghettos (Chicago)
- Did not gain much support and considered a failure
- Attempted to help poor workers in Memphis as was assassinated on the campaign in 1968

36
Q

Civil Rights Act 1964

A

Banned discrimination for sex or race in hiring, firing and promting

37
Q

Voting Rights Act 1965

A

Banned attempts to stop people voting based of race or sex and allowed federal enforcement

38
Q

Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

A

Supreme Court case in 1971 which upheld bussing students out of poor areas to segregated schools

39
Q

Achievement in Civil Rights

A
  • Legally, in 1980, black Americans were full citizens, just as they were in 1917.
  • A black American upper and middle class had developed to a significant extent. There were a significant number of black politicians, at local, state and federal level.
  • Black Americans had several routes to success via sport or entertainment, as well as through the professions. Black people featured more on television and in the cinema; there were more of their books in bookshops and their magazines in paper shops. Home ownership among blacks increased and the number of black graduates went up too.
  • More black Americans voted, although voter registration slowed after 1968. In 1966, government census figures show 58.2 percent of black Americans were registered to vote; in 1980, it was 60 percent.
40
Q

Limits to Success of Civil Rights Campaign

A
  • Still not equal to whites even if some black people were doing better
  • Civil Right and Voting Rights Act made people feel it was dealt with
  • A ‘minority quota’ had emerged creating limits on employment
  • Radicalisation had made some people less sympathetic
41
Q

Native American Issues

A
  • Tribal homelands: Many Native Americans had been driven from their homelands in the forced relocation of the 1830s, following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. By the 1960s, it was widely agreed, even in government, that the treaties had been unfair. Many Native Americans wanted new treaties, maybe even to return to their homelands and sacred sites where possible.
  • Self-determination: The tribes had long had an unusual position in the USA. They were independent nations under federal government. Tribes ran their own affairs, but only in their own reservations and only under the control of the BIA. They wanted respect for the tribal organisation, freedom to run their own affairs and a change of BIA personnel.
42
Q

BIA

A

Bureau of Indian Affairs
- FDR wanted assimilation however many Native Americans did not
- By 1970 about half of all Native Americans lived in cities

43
Q

Native American Protests

A

AIM - American Indian Movement (occupied Alcatraz in 1969)
‘Red Power’ adopted by AIM and followed similar protests to Black Civil Rights campaign

44
Q

Native American gains

A
  • Nixon sympathised with NA
  • Rejected forced assimilation and termination
  • Many acts passed which protected NA rights
45
Q

Native American limitations

A
  • No reform to BIA
  • No overall solution to land issues and Indians still forcefully evicted
46
Q

Hispanic Issues

A
  • Land (following American-Mexican war land which was Mexican added to US)
  • Discrimination (Lived in poor areas side by side with blacks)
  • Workers rights (worked in very poor conditions)
  • Deportation (operation Wetback 3.8 million deported, including US citizens)
47
Q

Cesar Chavez

A

Non-violent campaign for farm workers. Set up union and organised marches

48
Q

Hispanic gains

A
  • Legal acceptance of Hispanic rights was slow coming; it wasn’t until 1954 that the Supreme Court ruled that Hispanic people were equal citizens.
  • In 1968, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education fund was set up to pursue civil rights in the courts.
  • This case led to the 1974 Equal Opportunities Act, which provided for more bilingual teaching in schools.
  • In 1975, a Voting Rights Act extension provided language assistance at polling stations and extended rights (which the initial act only gave blacks and Puerto Ricans) to Native Americans, Asian Americans and Hispanic groups.
49
Q

Hispanic Limitations

A
  • Land issues not addressed
  • Improvements did not affect all
50
Q

Gay Rights problems

A
  • People feared gays
  • Homosexuality illegal in all states until 1962 when Illinois repealed its laws (not done in all States until 2003)
51
Q

Gay Rights Protests

A
  • 1969 Stonewall Riots
  • Violence with police following raid of gay bar and a policeman being too rough
  • 400 people fought back and over the next nights many protests occurred
  • Gay Liberation Front set up soon after
  • Gay pride marched (1970 New York had 100,000 marches)
  • Visible gay areas in cities began to emerge in 1970s
  • Harvey Milk 1st gay elected public official in 1978 San Fransico
52
Q

Gains for Gay rights

A
  • California apportioned 4 openly gay judges between 1979 and 1981
  • Gay teenager sued to bring boy as date to prom and won
  • More gay elected officials were occurring
53
Q

Limitations for Gay rights

A
  • Backlash from conservative right and Reagan
  • Harvey Milk assassinated 1979 and culprit given lenient sentence
  • Conservatives began proposing more laws in effort to ‘protect children’

A Level History Edexcel USA (4 decks)

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