12.Respiration

Question 1

What is aerobic respiration

Answer 1

Process using oxygen and produces carbon dioxide water and much ATP

Question 2

What is anaerobic respiration

Answer 2

Porcowss taking place in absence of oxygen and produces lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide but only a little ATP

Question 3

What are the three stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 3

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Keeps
Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 4

What’s the four stages of glycolysis

Answer 4

• Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate (glucose made more reactive, phosphate comes from hydrolysis of two ATP molecules, lowers enzyme activation energy)
• splitting of the phosphorylated glucose (each glucose molecule spilt into two carbon 3 molecules known as triode phosphate)
• oxidative of triode phosphate (hydrogen remover from each of two triode phosphate molecules and transferred to hydrogen carrier molecule known as NAD to for redNAD)
• production of ATP (enzyme controlled reactions convert triode phosphate into 3 carbon molecule called pyruvate, ADP regenerated t ATP)

Question 5

What’s the energy yield of one glucose molecule in glycolysis

Answer 5

Two ATP
Two redNAD
Two pyruvate

Question 6

Why is glycolysis indirect evidence for evolution

Answer 6

Universal feature of every living organism, all enzymes are found in cytoplasm if cells and so glycolysis doesnt require organelle for it, doesn’t require oxygen so takes place in absence

Question 7

What happens in link reaction

Answer 7

• Pyruvate oxidised to acetate
• Pyruvate loses carbon dioxide and two hydrogens
• hydrogens accepted by NAD to form redNAD
• acetate combined with coenzyme A to producer acetylcoenzyme A

Question 8

What happens during kerbs

Answer 8

• 2 carbon acetylcoenzyme A from link recombined with ; carbon molecule to produce 6 carbon molecule
• series of reactions, 6 carbon molecule loses carbon dioxide and hydrogen to give 4 carbon and single molecule of ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
• 4 carbon molecule can recombine with CoA to begin cycle again

Question 9

For each molecule of pyruvate what does link and krebs produce

Answer 9

Red CoA such as NAD and FAD
One ATP
Three carbon dioxide

Question 10

Draw krebs

Answer 10

X

Question 11

Draw glycolysis

Answer 11

D

Question 12

What’s the significance of Krebs cycle

Answer 12

• Breaks down macromolecules into smaller ones
• Produces hydrogen arms carried by NAD to electron transfer chain to provide energy for oxidative phosphorylation
• Regenerates 4 carbon molecule which combined with CoA otherwise would build up
• Source of intermediate compounds used by cells in manufactur of other substances eg fatty acids

Question 13

What’s oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 13

Mechanism by which some of the energy of electrons within hydrogen atoms is conserved in formation of adenosine triphosphate

Question 14

Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen

Answer 14

Mitochondria-within inner membrane on cristae are enzymes and proteins used in O.P

More mitochondria in more metabolically active cells

Question 15

Synthesis of ATP using electron transfer chain

Answer 15

• hydrogen combines with coenzymes NAD and FAD
• redNAD and FAD donate electrons of hydrogen atoms to first molecule in electron transfer chain
• electrons pass along chain of electron transfer carrier molecules in series of oxidative/reduction reactions, as pass along release energy which causes active transport of protons into inner mitochondrial membrane and into inter membranes space
• protons accumulate before diffuse back into mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase channels embed in inner mitochondrial membrane this causes ATP to be generated from ADP + pi
• at end of chain electrons combine with protons and oxygen to form water, oxygen final acceptor of electrons in electron transfer facing

Question 16

What’s the importance of oxygen in respiration

Answer 16

Act as final acceptor of hydrogen atoms in glycolysis and krebs, without its role in removing the electrons at end of electron transfer chain the electrons would “back up” along chain and process of respiration would come to halt

Question 17

What happens in respiration of lipids

Answer 17

• Lipids first hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids
• Glycerol phosphorylated and converted to triode phosphate which enters glycolysis pathway and subsequently krebs
• fatty acid component broken down into 2 carbon fragments which converted to acetyl CoA
• oxidation of lipids produces 2 carbon fragments of carb and many hydrogen atoms, hydrogen atoms used to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation, lipids release more than double energy of carbs

Question 18

What happens in respiration of proteins

Answer 18

Protein is another potential source
-First hydrolysed to constituent amino acids
-have amino group removed(deamination) before entering respiratory pathway at different points depending on number of carbon atoms
3 carbon converted to pyruvate
4 and 5 carbon converted to intermediates in krebs