10.Biodiversity Flashcards
What’s the concept of a species
They are capable of breeding to produce living fertile offspring
What’s the binomial system
Two part name
First- generic name, the genus the organism belong to
Second-specific name, the species organism belong to
Courtship behaviour enables individuals to …
- Recognise members of own species-breeding stays in species
- Identify a mate capable of breeding-sexually mature, fertile
- Form a pair bond-leads to successful breeding n upbringing
- Synchronise mating- max probability of sperm meeting egg
- Become able to breed-bring opposite sex to physiological state to mate
What’s taxonomy
The theory and practice of biological classification
What is classification w
Grouping of organisms
What are the two main forms of biological classification
Artificial classification and phylogenetic classification
What is artificial classification
Divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time, eg colour size number of legs. They are analogous characteristics where they have same function but not same evolutionary origins eg wings of butterfly’s and birds
What’s phylogenetic classification
Based upon evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors
Classifies species into groups using shared features derived from ancestors
Arranges groups into hierarchy in which groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap
What is a group within a phylogenetic biological classification is called
Tax on
What’s taxonomic rank
Positions in Hierarchical order
What’s a domain
Highest taxonomic rank, there are three
What are the three domains
Bacteria, Archae, eukarya
What are features of bacteria
Absence of membrane bounded organelles Unicellular 70S ribosomes Cell walls Single loop of dna no proteins associated
What are features of archaea
Resemble bacteria but
Menpmbranes contain fatty acid China is attached to glycerol by ether linkages
No murein cell wall
Complex form of RNA polymerase
What are features of eukarya
One or more cells Membrane bound organelle Fatty acid membranes Not all have cell walls, no murein 80S ribosomes
What Re the four kingdoms of eukarya domain
Prtoctistica fungi plantae animalia
What’s the classification system
Hint: King Philip Comes Over For Great Sex
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What’s phylogeny
The evolutionary relationship between organisms
Explain the phylogenetic tree
Oldest species is at the base of the tree, the most recent are represented by branches
The closer two branches are together the closer the evolutionary relationship
What is species diversity
Refers to number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community
What’s genetic diversity
Refers to variety of genes possessed by individuals that make up a population of species
What’s ecosystem diversity
Refers to the range of different habitats, from a small local habitat to he whole of the earth
What is species richness
This is the number of different species in a particular area at a given time
What’s the index formula
N(N-1) ➗sum of n(n-1)
N is total number of organisms of all species
n is total number of organism of each species
What are agricultural ecosystems
Ecosystems controlled by humans, farmers choose what to grow and so genetic variety of alleles they posses is reduced
What are examples of practices that have directly removed habitats and reduced species diversity
- Removal of hedgerows and grubbing out woodlands
- Creating monocultures eg replace natural meadows with cereal crop
- filing in ponds or draining marsh and other wetland
- overgrazing of land preventing regeneration of woodland
What practices have indirect effect on species diversity
Use of pesticides
Escape of effluent from from silage stores and slurry tanks into water courses
Absence of crop rotation and lack of intercropping or under sowing
Examples of conservation techniques
Plant hedgerows instead of fences
Use organic fertilisers rather than inorganic
Create natural meadows and use hay rather than grasses for silage
Use intercropping rather than herbicides
Why does using observable characteristic to compare have limitations
Large number of characteristics determined by more than one gene, not discrete from one another, characteristic hard to distinguish and also environmental impacts on characteristics
How is genetic diversity measured using DNA base sequencing
Sampling DNA of its members and sequencing it to produce pattern of coloured bands (different colour for each base)
Compare them to determine how diverse they are and to see evolutionary relationships, species more closely related have more similarities in the dna sequencing
What is random sampling
Taking measurement of individuals selected from the population which is being investigated, sample should be representative of the population as a whole
Why may a random sample not be representative
Sampling bias - selection process biased, making unrepresentative choices either unwittingly or deliberately
Chance - individuals chosen may not be representative
How can you eliminate sampling bias
Divide area being investigated into a grid (like a graph)
Using dice or a computer obtain co ordinates
Take samples at the intersection of each pair of coordinates
How can you minimise the effect of chance
Using large sample size - smaller probability of chance influencing result
Analysis of data collected - use of statistical tests can determine the extent to which chance may have influence data
What is a normal distribution curve
When mean mode and median have same value, bell shaped, highest point is central
What’s a skewed distribution curve
Mean mode and median have different values, graph leans to one side
