10.Biodiversity Flashcards by Corinna Smith

What’s the concept of a species

They are capable of breeding to produce living fertile offspring

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What’s the binomial system

Two part name
First- generic name, the genus the organism belong to
Second-specific name, the species organism belong to

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Courtship behaviour enables individuals to …

Recognise members of own species-breeding stays in species
Identify a mate capable of breeding-sexually mature, fertile
Form a pair bond-leads to successful breeding n upbringing
Synchronise mating- max probability of sperm meeting egg
Become able to breed-bring opposite sex to physiological state to mate

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What’s taxonomy

The theory and practice of biological classification

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What is classification w

Grouping of organisms

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What are the two main forms of biological classification

Artificial classification and phylogenetic classification

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What is artificial classification

Divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time, eg colour size number of legs. They are analogous characteristics where they have same function but not same evolutionary origins eg wings of butterfly’s and birds

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What’s phylogenetic classification

Based upon evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors
Classifies species into groups using shared features derived from ancestors
Arranges groups into hierarchy in which groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap

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What is a group within a phylogenetic biological classification is called

Tax on

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What’s taxonomic rank

Positions in Hierarchical order

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What’s a domain

Highest taxonomic rank, there are three

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What are the three domains

Bacteria, Archae, eukarya

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What are features of bacteria

Absence of membrane bounded organelles
Unicellular 
70S ribosomes
Cell walls 
Single loop of dna no proteins associated

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What are features of archaea

Resemble bacteria but
Menpmbranes contain fatty acid China is attached to glycerol by ether linkages
No murein cell wall
Complex form of RNA polymerase

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What are features of eukarya

One or more cells
Membrane bound organelle
Fatty acid membranes 
Not all have cell walls, no murein 
80S ribosomes

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What Re the four kingdoms of eukarya domain

Prtoctistica fungi plantae animalia

What’s the classification system

Hint: King Philip Comes Over For Great Sex

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

What’s phylogeny

The evolutionary relationship between organisms

Explain the phylogenetic tree

Oldest species is at the base of the tree, the most recent are represented by branches
The closer two branches are together the closer the evolutionary relationship

What is species diversity

Refers to number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community

What’s genetic diversity

Refers to variety of genes possessed by individuals that make up a population of species

What’s ecosystem diversity

Refers to the range of different habitats, from a small local habitat to he whole of the earth

What is species richness

This is the number of different species in a particular area at a given time

What’s the index formula

N(N-1) ➗sum of n(n-1)

N is total number of organisms of all species
n is total number of organism of each species

What are agricultural ecosystems

Ecosystems controlled by humans, farmers choose what to grow and so genetic variety of alleles they posses is reduced

What are examples of practices that have directly removed habitats and reduced species diversity

- Removal of hedgerows and grubbing out woodlands - Creating monocultures eg replace natural meadows with cereal crop - filing in ponds or draining marsh and other wetland - overgrazing of land preventing regeneration of woodland

What practices have indirect effect on species diversity

Use of pesticides Escape of effluent from from silage stores and slurry tanks into water courses Absence of crop rotation and lack of intercropping or under sowing

Examples of conservation techniques

Plant hedgerows instead of fences Use organic fertilisers rather than inorganic Create natural meadows and use hay rather than grasses for silage Use intercropping rather than herbicides

Why does using observable characteristic to compare have limitations

Large number of characteristics determined by more than one gene, not discrete from one another, characteristic hard to distinguish and also environmental impacts on characteristics

How is genetic diversity measured using DNA base sequencing

Sampling DNA of its members and sequencing it to produce pattern of coloured bands (different colour for each base) Compare them to determine how diverse they are and to see evolutionary relationships, species more closely related have more similarities in the dna sequencing

What is random sampling

Taking measurement of individuals selected from the population which is being investigated, sample should be representative of the population as a whole

Why may a random sample not be representative

Sampling bias - selection process biased, making unrepresentative choices either unwittingly or deliberately Chance - individuals chosen may not be representative

How can you eliminate sampling bias

Divide area being investigated into a grid (like a graph) Using dice or a computer obtain co ordinates Take samples at the intersection of each pair of coordinates

How can you minimise the effect of chance

Using large sample size - smaller probability of chance influencing result Analysis of data collected - use of statistical tests can determine the extent to which chance may have influence data

What is a normal distribution curve

When mean mode and median have same value, bell shaped, highest point is central

What’s a skewed distribution curve

Mean mode and median have different values, graph leans to one side