126-250 Flashcards
What is skeletal muscle?
Striated and voluntary
What is cardiac muscles.
Striated and involuntary
What is smooth muscle?
Regulated autonomic division of nervous system
What are the functions of muscle tissue?
Body movement, produces hear, me flow of materials
What is the ability to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials?
Electrical excitability/ property muscle tissues
The ability of a muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged is called…
Extensibility
A muscle fiber (myofiber) is a muscle…
Cell
What is the superficial fascia and what does it do?
Route for lymphatic muscle
What is deep fascia?
Holds muscle with similar functions together
The outermost extension of deep connective tissu that surrounds a muscles is the…
Epimusium
What is the sarcoplasma?
Glycogen
What is muscular atrophy?
Decrease of muscle mass
What are myofibrils?
Proteins, actin, and miosin
Place the events of a contraction cycle in the order in which they occur…
ATP, cross pitch, and power strok
What is a neuromuscular junctions?
Sanaps with muscle fibers
What contributes to the muscle fatigue?
Frequent heated contraction and lactic acid
Why is oxygen debt (recovery oxygen uptake)?
Amount oxygen recuperate form exercise
Intramuscular injections are usually given where?
Butt, thigh, and deltoid
What is RICE therapy?
Rest, ice, compress, and elevate
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
All
What is true of a synapse?
Site of 2 neurons and an effector meet
What is grey matter?
Neuron cell bodies/ neuroglia and unmyelinated nerve fiber
What are graded potentials?
Arise ion movement causes minor change
What are action potentials?
Allow impulse to travel over long or short distances
Place the events involved in generating an action potential in the predecessor in which they occur…
6, 2, 4, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7
Some governments execute convicts using lethal injections that contain high concentrations of KCI. At the cellular level, how does the high concentration of KCI kill the convict?
Excess K+ disrupts gradient and preventing neurons
Axons classified as A fibers have what?
All
An instructor helps a student clean up the pieces of a broken beaker. As they search for glass fragments under the lab bench, the instructor inhales sharply and say, “I just found a piece if glass with my knee.” How could the instructor determine that her knee was in contact with broken glass rather than with the floor?
Broken glass/ more action
What so electrical synapse do?
All
What is a chemical synapse?
Per synaptic neuron converts electrical signal into chemical signal
Two neurotransmitters, epinephrine and serotonin, are known to be important in regulation of mood. Inadequate stimulation of postsynaptic neurons by these neurotransmitters results in depression. Which medication is most likely to increase availability of one of these neurotransmitters and be helpful in treating depression?
All
Why’s is summation?
Integration of input to a neuron
What is acetylcholine?
All
What is norepinephrine?
All
Place the meninges and associated spaces in order form most superficial to deepest…
4, 5, 6, 3, 1, 2
A tumor is growing in the left later a, horns of several segments of a patients spinal cord. How might these tutors affect the patient?
Simple difficulty regulating cardiac and smooth muscle contractions
Which spinal nerves to directly to the tissues they supply rather than forming a plexus?
T2- T12
How does the spinal cord function in maintaining homeostasis?
All
A 3 year old fell out of a second story window. The paramedics on the scene note that the child is areflexic below T1, with slow heart rate, flaccid skeletal muscle paralysis, and loss of somatic sensation. The child displays signs of…
Spinal shock
What signs would be displayed by a patient suffering form a hemisection of the spinal cord that damaged her right posterior column and lateral corticospinal tract but not her spinothslamic tract at L2?
Loss of propriception and skeletal muscle
What sounds injury patient had the best prognosis?
Compression due to herniated disc at L4
What is the post polio syndrome?
Doesn’t occur with in months of initial infection
What is the brain?
Center of both motor and emotion
Which blood vessels supply the brain with blood?
Vertebral and internal cartons arteries
What is the brain blood barrier?
Lipid soluble substance, such as O2, CO2, and many a esthetics
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
Provides some mechanical protection of brain
What does the brain stem include?
All except diencephalon
What is the medulla oblongata?
All
What is the pons?
Contains apneuetic and pheumotaxic
What makes up the midbrain?
All except nuclei of cranial nerves V&VI
What is the reticular formation?
Sensory axons that help maintain consciousness
What is the cerebellum?
Located posterior to brain stem and inferior to cerebrum
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
All
What are special sense receptors?
Specialized structures found at specific locations in the head and are parts of neutral pathways that are more complex than those of general senses
What are smell?
Is a chemical sense
What taste sensation arises form ion entering specific channels in the plasma membranes of gustatory receptors?
Salty and sour
If there are only five primary tastes why can humans identify thousands of flavors?
All
What is the fibrous tunic of the eye?
Consists of the anterior cornea and the posterior sclera
Hyper extension is sometimes called the “silent killer” because patients may be a symptomatic until significant damage to tissue has occurred. Wy might an optometrist be the first person to detect that a patient has hyperextension?
During an eye exam, they may see changes in retinal blood vessels
What are rods?
Able to function in lowlight functions and allow grey scale
vision but not color vision
What are cones?
Allows color vision
The area if highest visual acuity is the…
Central fovea
What does the lens do?
Focuses light on to the retina
What is the aqueous humor?
Nourishes the cornea the cornea and the lens
A patient had a stroke that damaged her facial nerve. In addition to changes in the ability to make facial expressions, which I’d the following might be observed by the patient?
Increase sensitivity to sound
What does the auditory tube do?
All
What does the inner ear do?
Consists the boney and membranous labyrinth and includes the semicircle canals, vestibule and cochlea
What is the function of the ossicles?
They transfer vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window
A 4 year old who wants to be a gymnast is assisted on the balance beam and instructed just to stand on it for a minute. Which parts of the child’s ear will primarily be involved in helping her stay in the beam?
The maculae
A gymnast competing in the floor excessive must do a rapidity executed series of flips and twist, at the end of those movements they gymnast mist land upright within the boundaries of tumbling mat and remain motionless for a few seconds. Which parts of the gymnasts ears allow him to successfully complete the floor excerice?
Utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals.
What are examples of a general somatic sense?
Touch of a feather, warmth of fire, pain of skinned knee
Place the following in which they occur
- Integration
- Receptor stimulation
- Impulse generation
- Stimulus transduction
Receptor stimulation, stimulus transduction, impulse generation, and integration
2, 4, 3, 1
Why do you seem to see with your eyes?
Impulses from retinal sensory neurons are interpreted by primary sensory area
A sensory receptor may be classified by…
All
What is adaption?
Decreases amplitude of generator potential with continuous stimulation
What is touch?
Sensation result of cutaneous and subcutaneous tackle receptors
What is true of thermal sensations?
Are conveyed to CNS via class C fibers
What are nonciceptors?
Free nerve endings, detect pain, respond to intense or excessive chemical mechanical stimuli
Katie was in a terrible automobile accident that cut her face, broke her ribs and tore her diaphragm. Which kind of pain did she experience at the time of her accident?
Fast somatic and visceral
What are proprioceptors?
Muscle spindles, tender organs and kinesthetic receptors and allow detecting head and body position
Theophylline is widely used to treat asthma. Parents of asthmatic children are relieved when their child can breathe again but are sometimes annoyed by of theophylline’s common side effect. Which of the following explains the problem?
Bins to A1 receptors difficult to sleep
A classmate tells you which chapter to be read for the next class meeting and begins to walk away. Which type of memory will you use to remember the information and write it in your notebook before your class mate is out of sight?
Immediate memory
Some medications interfere with the normal functions of the amygdala or the hippocampus. What might be a side effect of such a medication?
Inability to form short term memories
A person is suffering from a closed head injury remembers events form this week very clearly, but cannot recognize the faces of people she knew before the injury occurred. Which part of her is most likely affected by the injury?
Occipital cerebral cortex
What is Parkinson’s disease?
Progress neuron disorder
A disorder cause by hypoxia during birth and resulting in loss of muscle control is…
Cerebral palsy
What includes vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell?
Special senses
What does the thalamus do?
All except gives precise location information for sensation of pain and touch
What does the hypothalamus control?
Integrates autonomic nervous system activity and regulates appetite and thirst
What is one of the main function of the cerebrum?
“Thinking part” of the brain
A cerebrovascular accident specifically damaged a patients ability to transfer information from a gurus in one cerebral hemisphere to the corresponding gurus in the other hemisphere. Which type if tract was damaged by the CVA?
Commissural
What is limbic system and what does it do?
All
Chronic use of marijuana results in damage to the hippocampus. Which behavior of “pot heads” could be attributed to this damage?
Lack of short term memory
A six year old is at the edge of the outfield watching jets take off instead of paying attention to the softball game, softball strikes him in the back of the hear with considerable force. Which association area is most likely to be damaged in this accident?
Visual
What is hemispheric lateralization?
All
Ten year old Matt Zibowski struggles at school….. He can see the words but some of the letters t, l, and i are hard to distinguish from each other. What is probably wrong with his eyes?
Astigmatism and myopia
What are transverse tubules?
Tiny pockets of plasma membrane that extend into the muscle cells and filled with interstitial fluid
How does the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle tissues function?
Stores Ca2+ ions required for muscle contraction
How does the nervous system function in sensory activities?
Sensory: detects changes in environment
What is the central nervous system?
Includes the cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory receptors and is the source of thoughts and emotions
What is the peripheral nervous system?
May be divided in somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous system
What is the somatic nervous system?
Provides motor signals and conscious control to skeletal muscles
What are neurons?
All
Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are
Multipolar
What are neuroglia?
All
What are atrocities?
Form the blood brain barrier
What do sensation cause and make is aware of?
Brain stem and thalamus respond different to sensation
What parts of the nervous system must receive sensory impulses in order to be consciously aware of or to be able to remember the taste of chocolate?
Spinal cord, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebral cortex
What sensations are consciously perceived?
Taste, touch, sound, smell, and sight
How many sensory modalities does an individual sensory neuron carry?
One
What are examples of special senses?
Sight, taste, smell,hear, and equilibrium
What is the basal ganglia?
Neutral circuit, initiating and terminating movements, regulated muscle tone, suppresses unwanted movement
What occurs during sleep?
Increases sympathetic activity
What are plasticity?
Ability to make persistent structural required form memory
