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Crime and Punishment > 1250-1500 > Flashcards

1250-1500 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some factors of crime?

A

1) Religion
2) Famine
3) Disease
4) Agricultural lifestyle
5) War and Rebellion

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2
Q

How did Religion cause crime?

A

It causes anything against the catholic teachings to be a crime.
Moral crimes or Heresy

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3
Q

How did Famine cause crime?

A

During famines, people were drove to desperation due to hunger leading to increasing arguments , theft, crimes + people in debts.

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4
Q

How did Disease cause crime?

A

Many peasants would die leaving large amounts of land unfarmed = hunger = crime of need

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5
Q

How did the Agricultural lifestyle cause crime?

A

Strip farming meant everyone was close to each other with tools = if argument broke it could lead to severe injuries that can’t be treated due to lack of medical advancement

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6
Q

How did War and Rebellion cause crime?

A

Men become very violent due to war/ interrupts farming putting pressure on the lower classes

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7
Q

Why was church against moral crimes?

A

It leads to idleness

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8
Q

Example of moral crime

A

1411/William Silver in Winchester (Gambling)

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9
Q

Example of Heresy

A

1413/Leicester/John Belgrave against Pope

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10
Q

Example of Famine

A

1315-1321/A great famine/Due to a series of bad harvests

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11
Q

Example of disease

A

1348/The Black Disease/Killed 3.5 million

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12
Q

Example of War and Rebellion

A

-Peasants Revolt (1381)
-War of Roses/Civil war (2nd half of 15th century)
-Kings waged war against France + Scotland

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13
Q

What % of larceny happened between 1300-1348?

A

40%

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14
Q

What % of Bulgary happened between 1300-1348?

A

28%

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15
Q

What % of Homicide happened between 1300-1348?

A

18.2%

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16
Q

What is petty crime?

A

Theft below 12d, selling rotten food, fighting, drunkness

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17
Q

What law did King Edward I pass?

A

1275/Anyone stealing more the 12d can be hanged
Before it was up to the Judge

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18
Q

Why did the Peasants Revolt happen?

A
  • Unhappy due to the rise of taxes = 100 year war/Not being able to buy food
  • Treason against King Richard II
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19
Q

How many homicides were caused by arguements?

A

51%

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20
Q

Case of homicide due to anger

A

1311/William of Wellington killed John Cobbler = not receiving candles

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21
Q

Case of theft due to hunger

A

1316/Ellen accused of stealing two bushels of oats worth 12d

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22
Q

What was the most stolen item in 1348?

A

Livestock due to high rates of poverty

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23
Q

What became a new crime for women?

A

Scolding steadily appeared as a crime from 1350

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24
Q

Example of Scolding

A

1359/Yorkshire/Women being accused of notorious scolds

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25
Q

What became a new crime after The Black Death?

A

Vagrancy
-1351/Parliament made a new law=able bodied men were not allowed to leave their home village to look for work

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26
Q

What are outlaw gangs?

A

Gang of the most feared criminals/gang of robbers

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27
Q

Example of an outlaw gang

A

1402/Tottenham/Robert Berkworth and other felons ambushed and robbed two men

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28
Q

After the law in 1351what was considered treason

A

Petty Treason = wife killing husband
Treason = plotting against the King, counterfeiting coins (King’s face)

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29
Q

What were the crimes that abused authority?

A

Powerful nobles would amass large private armies called retainers and fight rival lords for land ruling the new land through fear and favoritism
- Became worse with the war of roses

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30
Q

What were types of courts?

A

1) Royal Courts
2) Assizes courts
3) Quarter sessions
4) Manor Courts
5) Borough court
6) Church courts

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31
Q

What were Royal courts?

A
  • Most important
  • Most serious crimes
  • Found in Westminster
  • Jurors = Criminal area + took oath to God
32
Q

What crimes would be seen in Royal courts?

A

Homicide/Treason

33
Q

What were Assize courts?

A
  • 1293/Edward I/Royal Judges from London visit each county 2 or 3 times a year
  • Until 1971
34
Q

What crimes would be seen in Assize courts?

A

Robbery/Larceny

35
Q

What were Quarter sessions?

A

-1363/too many
- Local gentry acted as judges (JPs)
- Held courts 4 times a year
- Took some work away from Royal judges
- Dealt with all types of cases

36
Q

What crimes would be seen in Quarter sessions?

A
  • Counterfeiting/Larceny
  • From murder to local landowners paying workers to high
37
Q

What were manor courts?

A
  • Held by local landowners in village
  • Serious criminals imprisoned until royal or quarter
  • No death penalty
    -1250/replaced work of hundred courts
  • Losing influence by 1500
38
Q

What crimes would be seen in Manor courts?

A
  • Dealt with lazy workers or people who broke the rules
39
Q

What were Borough/Hundred courts?

A

Village courts

40
Q

What were Church courts?

A
  • Tried both clergy + laity
  • Grant marriage licenses, proving dead wills
    -Dealt with disputes + disciplinary matters
  • Main role to reform = reconcile with God
41
Q

What crimes were dealt with in Church courts?

A

Scandalous behaviour/Larceny/swearing

42
Q

How was the King an enforcer?

A

-In charge of keeping King’s peace
- Edward I passed ‘Statute of Winchester’ = tidied up the law

43
Q

How was the sheriff an enforcer?

A
  • One in each county
    -King’s agent/not paid=great status
    -Powerful Lord
    -Fines/confiscated property would take a piece
  • Worked with coroners+chief constables
  • Armed posse to track criminals
44
Q

How was the chief constable an enforcer?

A
  • 2 each year
  • Supervise law and order in their are
  • Usually wealthy farmers
  • Gained local status
  • Main duty = every free man (15-60) equipped ready to serve king if needed (army or posse)
45
Q

How was the parish constable an enforcer?

A
  • Every year
  • Responsible man per parish
  • Role + Job
  • Could fully supply armed men when needed
  • [CHANGE]/1363= make them practice archery on Sunday
  • Arrest suspicious people + make sure village respond properly to any crime
46
Q

How did the people act as enforcers?

A
  • Men in tithings = [Group of 10] = took the criminal to court
  • Hue and cry = in earshot mean they had stop and join the search
  • if they dont join the village gain a huge fine
47
Q

When and how did watchmen get introduced?

A
  • Statute of Winchester
  • 1285
  • Patrol the gates and walls at night
  • Arrest sus strangers + take them to constable
  • Unpopular job + Called hue and cry if disc crime
48
Q

Where did the jurors from medieval courts come from?

A
  • Selected from the same parish or hundred (except for strangers)
49
Q

What information did they use to reach their verdict?

A
  • Used knowledge of their background, character + past offences for verdict
  • Some ideas came from rumours and guesswork
50
Q

What did the jurors have to do?

A
  • Jurors swore an oath to God to not lie
  • If Jury said guilty or not guilty then Judge agreed
  • Knew best and the verdict stood
51
Q

What were the 4 main types of punishment?

A
  • Fines
  • Public humiliation
  • Imprisonment
  • Death
52
Q

Where did fines from manor courts go?

A

All fines went to the lord // effective way of making money of the land

53
Q

Where did fines from borough courts go?

A

Offences imposed for traders, thieves or even gamblers = Mayors and town leaders

54
Q

Where did fines from church courts go?

A

Fines imposed for sins (eg gambling) = Chruch kept

55
Q

Where did fines from hundred court and later quarter sessions go?

A

King receives fines

56
Q

Where did fines from failed hue and cry go?

A

King receives it from the village

57
Q

Where else did King get fines from?

A

If Nobles disobeyed the King they can get a pardon but have to pay

58
Q

What forms of public humiliation existed?

A
  • Manor courts sometimes made scolds (woman) sit in public cucking stool
  • Borough courts made traders sit in stock or stand at a pillory for cheating customers (selling faulty products)
59
Q

When and where did people complain about fining too much?

A

1331/Lincoln = people complained to the mayor that he was finning too many traders and use the pillory more

60
Q

Example of the church court using public humiliation

A

Shamed a Durham priest for sleeping with a man’s wife and made him publicly confess his sin

61
Q

What was imprisonment used for?

A

Not used as a punishment but keeps the prisoner awaiting trial spending months gaol

62
Q

Who was imprisonment used to punish?

A

Used to punish debtors, forgers, offenders who could not pay their fines and people who had falsely accused someone at trial

63
Q

What were the conditions of gaols?

A

Rough, unhealthy places and prisoners had to supply their own bedding, food, and drink or buy from their gaoler

64
Q

How did the gaoler earn money and what did poor prisoners do?

A

Earned his living from the prisoners as they were unpaid

65
Q

How did richer prisoners keep themselves?

A

Might be kept in comfortable rooms in castles since they could afford this

66
Q

What are the different ways of executing someone?

A
  • Hanging
  • Hanging, drawing and quartering
  • Being burned alive
67
Q

How did Hanging work?

A

Hanging until the criminal was slowly strangled with the neck rarely being broken

68
Q

What crimes were punished with hanging?

A
  • Murder (deliberate homicide)
  • Rape (before 1275 they were castrated)
  • theft of goods more than 12d (from 1275)
  • burglary & robbery (even if nothing was stolen)
69
Q

What crimes were punished with hanging, drawing and quartering?

A
  • High treason (plotting against the king)
  • Counterfeiting gold or silver coins
70
Q

What crimes were punished by burning someone alive?

A
  • Petty treason (wife kill husband or servant kill master)
  • Heresy such as Lollards (Church didn’t want to execute so King ordered to be sent to Sheriff who burnt them)
71
Q

What happened to local variations to hanging and what did show?

A

Disappeared by about 1350 but show how locality affected punishment like laws

72
Q

What were some local variations to hanging?

A
  • being thrown from the cliffs at Dover
  • being buried alive at Sandwich
73
Q

What happened to the property of any guilty?

A

All property whether executed or not was passed to the king and innocents or family never regained their valuables

74
Q

How to avoid trial?

A
  • Run
  • Seek Sanctuary
  • Have powerful friends
  • Refuse to plead
75
Q

How to avoid being condemened to death?

A
  • Hope for a friendly jury
76
Q

How to avoid being executed even when found guilty?

A
  • Buy a pardon from the King
  • Join the King’s army
  • Be pregnant
  • Claim benefit clergy
  • Become a king’s approver

Crime and Punishment (4 decks)

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