1.2.4 Types of programming language

Question 1

What is a programming paradigm?

Answer 1

“To describe an example of a way of doing things.”​
Software written using programming languages.

Question 2

Why do we need different programming paradigms?

Answer 2

-some problems are better suited to being solved using certain paradigm

Question 3

What does Turing complete mean?

Answer 3

-Turing complete languages can solve all the problems that a computer is able to solve
-Most programming languages in most programming paradigms are said to be Turing complete

Question 4

Low level:
machine code

Answer 4

-programs directly in 1s and 0s
-least abstract

Question 5

Low level:
assembly language

Answer 5

-uses mnemonics
-one to one relationship
-written in assembly language and translated by an assembler

Question 6

High level language:

Answer 6

-each instruction could be many lines of machine code
-HLL fit into two categories imperative and declarative

Question 7

What are imperative languages?

Answer 7

-use statements that change a program’s state in the form of sequence, selection, iteration, etc
-procedural programming is a type of imperative programming
-OOP paradigms are a modern extension of the imperative programming

Question 8

What are declarative languages?

Answer 8

-focus on whatthe program should accomplish

Question 9

Advantages of machine/assembly:

Answer 9

-Assembly has the same efficiency of execution as machine due to its one-to-one nature
-provides direct access to system features without having to go through a software interface -this improves the speed of the program

Question 10

disadvantages of machine/assembly:

Answer 10

-code can be difficult to understand so it is hard to modify and maintain
-code can be tedious to write and very prone to bugs

Question 11

Features of procedural languages:

Answer 11

-focus on telling a computer exactly what to do by way of step-by-step instructions
-Blocks of code identifyset tasksthat need to be completed using procedures and functions
-need to be able to read, trace, amend and write this code

Question 12

Concepts of procedural languages:
(spec doesn’t specify)

Answer 12

-pre defined functions
-local/global variables
-parameter passing
-modularity
-procedures
-library

Question 13

What is LMC?

Answer 13

-LMC is a conceptual computer often used in education theory and exams to help students learn, test and understand assembly language
-The instruction set contains 11 mnemonics

Question 14

What are the 11 mnemonics?

Answer 14

Question 15

What are the addressing methods? (4)

Answer 15

-direct
-indirect
-immediate
-indexed

Question 16

Why do we have different address methods?

Answer 16

-By utilizing different addressing modes, the operand can take on different meanings

Question 17

Direct addressing:

Answer 17

-The value in the address is a reference to the address in memory where the required value is located

Question 18

Indirect addressing:

Answer 18

-the value in the address part of the instruction is a reference to the address in memory where the required value is located
(use instruction to find address, use value to find next address = value found)

Question 19

Immediate addressing:

Answer 19

-the value in the address is actually the value to be used

Question 20

Indexed addressing:

Answer 20

-There is an index register (IR) that is set to 0
-The address of the
operand is determined by adding the operand to the index register

Question 21

What is object-oriented programming?

Answer 21

-attempts to capture or group
information, data and related functionality (code) into structured items
known as objects

Question 22

Classes vs objects:

Answer 22

-a class is a template of an object, containing methods and attributes
-an object is an instance of a class

Question 23

What is instantiation?

Answer 23

-The process of creating an object from a
class template

Question 24

What is a constructor?

Answer 24

-a special method within the class that runs when an object of that class type is created

-When the object is instantiated the constructor
method takes the values of the parameters passed into the object and sets its local attributes to their initial values

Question 25

What is inheritance?

Answer 25

-Inheritance is when a class takes on the methods and attributes of a
parent class
-The inheriting class may override some of these methods / attributes
-may have additional extra methods and attributes of its own

Question 26

What is encapsulation?

Answer 26

-When an attribute is made private (so it can’t be directly accessed or changed from
outside the class)
-Public methods are used to read / amend the attribute’s value

Question 27

Advantages of encapsulation:

Answer 27

-Reduces the chance of errors/inconsistences
-Ensures objects can only be changed in the way intended/ -Ensuring changes are
consistent with how the object should behave
-Protecting data/ Can’t be changed accidentally