12.4

Question 1

mutations alter gene and protein sequences

Answer 1

1. point mutation alter a single base:
   –silent mutation
   –missense mutation
   –nonsense mutation
2. frameshift mutation (insertion of deletion mutation)
   * some mutation generate extensive changes in chromosome structure

Question 1

functional molecules and the phenotype

Answer 1

-proteins are important to cell structure and function and thus an organisms phenotype
-a single nucleotide change in the gene that encodes hemoglobin changes the cellular phenotype form round to sickle shaped
-transferring a gene encoding a fluorescent protein into pigs results in yellow coloration to some areas of exposed skin

Question 2

silent mutaiton

Answer 2

change to DNA nucleotide does not alter amino acid

Question 3

missense mutation

Answer 3

change to DNA nucleotide changes encoded amino acid

Question 4

nonsense mutation

Answer 4

change to DNA nucleotide leads to a stop codon

Question 5

frameshift mutation (insertion of deletion mutation)

Answer 5

changes downstream reading frame often with major consequences

Question 6

deletion

Answer 6

part of chromosome is lost

Question 7

duplication

Answer 7

part of chromosome is copied

Question 8

inversion

Answer 8

part of chromosome is in reverse order

Question 9

translocation

Answer 9

part of one chromosome is moved to another chromosome

Question 10

mutation are the starting point of evolution

Answer 10

-evolution depends on changes in genomes over time but too much change is harmful to the individual
- balance must exist between amount of new variation and health of species