12.2 Animal and Plant Diseases

Question 1

What type of disease is Ring rot ?

Answer 1

Bacterial

Question 2

What plants does ring rot affect ?

Answer 2

Potatoes, tomatoes and aubergines

Question 3

What is ring rot caused by ?

Answer 3

Gram positive bacterium

Question 4

What is the cure for ring rot ?

Answer 4

No cure discovered yet

Question 5

What does ring rot damage ?

Answer 5

Leaves , tubers and fruit

Question 6

What happens to a field once it has been infected by Ring Rot ?

Answer 6

cannot be used to grow potatoes, tomatoes or aubergines for at least two years

Question 7

What type of pathogen causes ring rot ?

Answer 7

A bacterium

Question 8

What type of disease is TMV ?

Answer 8

Virus

Question 9

What does TMV infect ?

Answer 9

Tobacco plants and 150 other species

Question 10

How is TMV prevented and cured ?

Answer 10

• resistant crop strains can prevent it
• there is no cure

Question 11

What is the mechanism of TMV ?

Answer 11

• damages leaves, flowers and fruit
• stunting growth and reducing yield
• leads to almost total crop loss

Question 12

What is potato blight caused by ?

Answer 12

A fungus like protoctistia called oomycete

Question 13

How is potato blight prevented and cured ?

Answer 13

• no cure
• can be prevented via use of resistant strains
• careful management and chemical treatments

Question 14

What is the mechanism of potato late blight ?

Answer 14

• hyphae penetrate host cells and destroy leaves, tubers and fruit
• leading to millions of pounds of crop damage per year

Question 15

What type of pathogen causes black Sigatoka ?

Answer 15

Fungus

Question 16

What type of plant does black Sigatoka affect ?

Answer 16

Bananas

Question 17

What part of the plant does black Sigatoka affect ?

Answer 17

The leaves

Question 18

What is the mechanism of black Sigatoka ?

Answer 18

• hyphae penetrate and digest cells
• turning leaves black
• can cause 50% reduction in yield of infected plants

Question 19

How is black Sigatoka cured and prevented ?

Answer 19

• no cure
• resistant strains being developed and good husbandry and fungicide treatment can control the spread of the disease

Question 20

What organisms does tuberculosis affect ?

Answer 20

Humans, cows ,pigs, badgers and deer

Question 21

What type of pathogen is tuberculosis caused by ?

Answer 21

Bacteria

Question 22

Perplexed suffering from what other disease are more prone to TB ?

Answer 22

HIV/aids

Question 23

How is TB cured and prevented ?

Answer 23

• cured with antibiotics
• prevented by vaccination or better living standards

Question 24

How is TB spread in humans ?

Answer 24

Droplet infection

Question 25

What is the mechanism of TB ?

Answer 25

- damages and destroys lung tissue and suppresses the immune system - so that the body is less able to fight off other diseases

Question 26

How is bacterial meningitis spread ?

Answer 26

By droplet infection

Question 27

How is bacterial meningitis cured and prevented ?

Answer 27

- curable with antibiotics if administered early - vaccination can protect against some forms

Question 28

What are the mechanism and symptoms of bacterial meningitis ?

Answer 28

- infection of meninges ( protective membranes on brain surface ) which can spread to the rest of the body and cause fatal septicaemia - symptoms include = blotchy red/ purple rash that does not disappear when a glass is pressed against it is a symptom and immediate medical treatment is required

Question 29

Who are the main groups affected by bacterial meningitis ?

Answer 29

Young children and 15-19 year olds

Question 30

What type of virus is HIV/AIDS ?

Answer 30

A retrovirus

Question 31

What is the mechanism of the HIV virus ?

Answer 31

- attacks T helper cells - which gradually destroys the immune system and leaves sufferers vulnerable to secondary infection

Question 32

How does a retrovirus ?

Answer 32

- a virus that is composed of RNA not DNA - retroviruses have an enzyme called reverse transcriptase that gives them the unique property of transcribing their RNA into DNA after entering a cell - the retroviral DNA can then integrate into the chromosomal DNA of the host cell to be expressed there

Question 33

What animals does HIV/ aids affect ?

Answer 33

Humans and some other primates

Question 34

How is HIV spread ?

Answer 34

- passed between people via infected bodily fluids - unprotected sex - shared needles - contaminated blood - mother to baby through breastfeeding or pregnancy

Question 35

What is FGM ? * female genital mutilation*

Answer 35

- traditional practice - increases the infection rate if the same equipment is used multiple times then this can spread the infection - women who have undergone FGM are more vulnerable to infection during intercourse

Question 36

How is HIV cured ?

Answer 36

- no vaccine or cure - antiretroviral drugs can slow its progress

Question 37

What animals does influenza affect ?

Answer 37

Mammals and birds

Question 38

What is the mechanism of influenza ?

Answer 38

- infects ciliated epithelial cells in the gas exchange system - killing them and leaving the airways vulnerable to secondary infections - such as bacterial pneumonia

Question 39

What are the 3 types of influenza and which is most virulent ?

Answer 39

A,B,C with A being most virulent

Question 40

Why is a vaccine made each year for flu ?

Answer 40

- flu viruses undergo small regular mutations - their surface antigens are constantly being reshuffled

Question 41

Is there a cure for flu ?

Answer 41

No

Question 42

What is zoonosis and give a example of something that it does ?

Answer 42

- where a disease can spread from animals to humans - eg. Influenza

Question 43

What age groups can the flu be fatal too ?

Answer 43

- young children - old periphery with chronic illnesses

Question 44

What cause Malaria ?

Answer 44

- several species of protoctista from the genus plasmodium - most common being plasmodium falciparum - it is spread by the bite of a female anopheles mosquito

Question 45

What is the mechanism of Malaria ?

Answer 45

- infects red blood cells, liver , brain - disease recurs making people weak and vulnerable to secondary infection

Question 46

What is the cure for malaria ?

Answer 46

- no vaccine - limited cures

Question 47

What 2 reasons can make malaria difficult to treat ?

Answer 47

- protoctista hides inside red blood cells - caused by several different species so surface antigens may be different

Question 48

What are some preventive measures that can be taken ?

Answer 48

- anopheles mosquitoes can be destroyed by insecticides - mosquitoes reproduce in areas of still water so you can drain these sites - mosquitoes can be destroyed by insecticides - mosquito nets - window and door screens - long sleeved clothing

Question 49

What causes ring worm ?

Answer 49

Fungi

Question 50

What mammals can ringworm affect ?

Answer 50

Cattle, dogs , cats and humans

Question 51

What are the symptoms of ringworm ?

Answer 51

- grey - white crusty infections circular area of skin - it is not damaging but looks unsightly and may be itchy

Question 52

What is a cure for ring worm ?

Answer 52

Anti-fungal creams

Question 53

What causes athlete foot ?

Answer 53

Human fungal disease caused by tinia Pedia

Question 54

What is Tinia pedia ?

Answer 54

A form of human ring worm that grows on and digests the warm, moist skin between the toes

Question 55

What does tinia pedia cause ?

Answer 55

- cracking & scaling - can become itchy and sore

Question 56

What is a cure for athletes foot ?

Answer 56

Anti-fungal creams