122 Flashcards
What is the name of the 80T-122?
Aircraft Operating Procedures for Air-Capable Ships NATOPS Manual
(V) Define air-capable ship
Ships other than CV/CVN or LHA/LHD where aircraft can takeoff, be recovered, or routinely receive and transfer logistic support
Foxtrot Corpen
Ship’s true heading for aircraft launch/recovery
122: Control Area
Airspace around an air-capable ship with a radius of 25NM, surface to unlimited
122: Control zone
Airspace with a radius of 5 NM around the ship, surface to 2,500’
Define NVD compliant
- Components that are NVD compatible
- NVD shipboard friendly
- Noncompatible systems are dimmed or hidden from direct LOS from aided operator
Optimum wind for normal operations
Down the lineup line at approximately 1/2 the max speed allowed by the applicable wind envelopes
Optimum winds for a single-engine landing
Relative wind as close as possible to being down the lineup line at the maximum wind speed allowed by the appropriate wind envelopes
Optimum wind for up-the-stern approaches
Winds 10 to 20 deg off the port bow at 1/2 the maximum speed allowed
Optimum winds for AFCS/SAS/BOOST of any flight control failure or degradation
Winds in the appropriate emergency wind envelope giving the most stable deck
Define parrot
A brevity code for aircraft transponder
Define the shipboard landing environment
Phase of the approach from MAP to flight deck landing during which the aircrew transitions from instrument to visual scan
Define the shipboard takeoff environment
Flight deck takeoff to at least 150’ AGL during which aircrew transitions from a visual to an instrument scan once positive rate of climb is attained and obstruction clearance is assured
Levels of Operation
Level I — IMC day/night operations
Level II — VMC day/night operations
Level III — VMC day only operations
Classes of Facilities
- Class 1 — Landing area with support (service and maintenance) facilities for the types of aircraft certified
- Class 2 — Landing area with service facilities for the types of aircraft certified
- Class 2A — Landing area with limited service facilities for the types of aircraft certified
- Class 3 — Landing area for the types of aircraft certified; no service facilities
- Class 4 — VERTREP/hover area (minimum hover height of 5 ft.) for types of aircraft certified
- Class 5 — VERTREP/hover area (minimum hover height of 15 ft.) for types of aircraft certified
- Class 6 — HIFR facility capable of delivering minimum 50 gal of fuel per minute, at a pressure of 20 psi, to a height of 40 ft above the water
- Class 6R — HIFR facility capable of delivering only 25-49 gal of fuel per minute, at a pressure of 20 psi, to a height of 40 ft above the water
For aircraft equipped with a TACAN, ship’s TACAN system shall be operable for all …
Shipboard launches and recoveries in IMC
Type 1 VERTREP/Hover Ops
Helo hovers with aircraft centerline directly on top of lineup line
Type 2 VERTREP/Hover Ops
Helo hovers with main and tail rotor hubs over, or aft, of the T line
Special Type 2 VERTREP/Hover Ops
Helo hovers with main and tail rotor hubs over, or aft, of the T line or T-ball line
Type 3 VERTREP/Hover Ops
Helo hovers with main and tail rotor hubs between the two T lines
When is it required to have an operable TACAN and HRS bar?
TACAN — shall be operable for all shipboard launches and landing recoveries in IMC
HRS bar — shall be operable without a visible horizon for single-spot ship ops
(V) Permissible Lighting Equipment Degradations — Unaided Ops
Night unaided VMC operations may be conducted in the event of a failure of not more than one of the lighting subsystems required for ship’s facility certification provided the following criteria are met:
- A visible horizon exists and is discernible by the aircraft commander in the shipboard landing/takeoff environment.
- The ship’s CO and embarked Air Detachment OIC (aircraft commander for non-embarked evolutions) concur that the failed lighting system is not critical to the scheduled mission.
(V) Permissible Lighting Equipment Degradations — Aided (NVD) Ops
Aided operations may be conducted in the event of a failure of more than one of the lighting subsystems required for ship’s facility certification provided all of the following criteria are met:
- A visible horizon exists and is discernible through NVDs by the aircraft commander in the shipboard landing/takeoff environment.
- The ship’s CO and embarked Air Detachment OIC (aircraft commander for non-embarked evolutions) concur that the failed lighting systems are not critical to the scheduled mission.
- The following lighting subsystems remain operational and available:
— Overhead/Forward Structure floodlights
— Deck Surface/Hangar Wash floodlights
— Associated lighting control panels
List the 7 NVD compliant lighting systems
- Overhead/forward structure floodlights
- Hangar wash floodlights
- Deck surface floodlights
- Aviation lighting system control panel set
- Advanced stabilized glide slope indicator (ASGSI)
- Deck status lights
- HRS bar
Overhead/Forward Structure floodlight colors
White, yellow, or NVD blue
Deck status signal and aircraft lighting associated with the following evolutions:
- Prepare to start engines
- Engage rotors
- Ready to launch
- Launch
- Recovery
- Prepare for shutdown
- Disengage rotors
Prepare to start engines
- Anti-collision lights UPPER
- Red deck
Engage rotors
- Position lights FLASHING
- Amber deck
Ready to launch
- Position lights STEADY BRIGHT
- Red deck
Launch
- Green Deck
Recovery
- Green deck
Prepare for shutdown
- Position lights FLASHING
- Red deck
Disengage rotors
- Amber deck
Stabilized Glide Slope Indicator (SGSI) numbers
Range: 3 miles at night
Azimuth: 40 deg.
Green light = 1.5 deg.
Amber light = 1 deg.
Red light = 6.5 deg.
Pilot flies the red amber interface which is fixed at 3 deg. glideslope
Advanced Stabilized Glide Slope Indicator (ASGSI) numbers
Range: 3 miles at night
Azimuth: 30 deg.
Green light = 4.5 deg.
Amber light = 1 deg.
Red light = 4.5 deg.
Above glideslope: light flashes 1.5x per second
Below glideslope: light flashes 3.9x per second
On glideslope: steady light
Aft extended lineup light bar
extension of lineup lights, vertical dropline light bar with 3-6 red light fixtures contrasting the white lineup lights on the deck
HRS bar
- Horizon Reference System (HRS)
- 10 foot electroluminescent bar, gyro-stabilized to remain level in the horizontal plane
- 10 lights on the bar plus the system fail warning light which is a red non-NVD compliant
- System fail warning light is not dimmable and system must be rendered inoperable or masked during aided ops.
Freshwater wash down requirements
Unsheltered stowage = 500 gallons daily
Sheltered stowage = 100 gallons daily
SHIRT
Shipboard Helicopter Interoperability Reference Table
Provides wind envelopes for USN/USMC helicopter and ship combinations. If a cell is empty, then no envelope exists and ops are prohibited.
122: Radius of Action
shall not exceed 45% of max range
HCO’s clearance shall include the following:
(HOA)
- Hazards
- Operating instructions
- Altitude and distance limits
When is HCO approval for control zone entry not a requirement?
- Emergency
- Tactical USW
LSO responsibilites
- Manning the RAST control station and communicating with the bridge, CIC, HCO, FDD, and helo
- Ensure RAST preop check are completed
- Ensure all safety precautions are enforced
122: Who makes the final determination concerning flight safety of aircraft, crew, and pax? Who has supervisory responsibility?
Squadron CO or Det OIC shall make final determination concerning flight safety of aircraft, crew, and passengers.
The controlling authority (ship CO) has supervisory responsibility for safety of the aircraft at all times.
122: When are floatation devices required on the flight deck?
- When the nets are down
- Between the hours of sunset and sunrise
Flight deck uniform requirements
- Cranial
- Ear pro
- Safety goggles
- Floatation
- Colored jersey
- Leather gloves
- Flight deck trousers
- Steel-toe boots
The ship shall not change course when…
- Helo launched or recovered
- Engaging or disengaging rotors
- Traversing
- Towed or pushed about the deck
Squatting
Hydrodynamic phenomenon occurs at speeds greater than 15 knots.
The freeboard of DDG-51 ships can lower as much as 6 inches for every knot greater than 15 knots.
Wave Hazard Plots
Wave hazard plots are based on steady speed, non-maneuvering conditions. There are three different plots based on wave heights - up to 8’, 8’-10’, and 10’-12’. Always use the most restrictive hazard plot.
The circles indicate ship speed in 5 knot increments starting from 0 knots at the innermost circle to 30 knots max speed at the outermost circle. The radial arms indicate wave direction relative to the ship’s heading.
The blue crosshatched regions indicate a pitch of 2 degrees or more while the black crosshatched regions indicate a roll of 8 degrees or more. Both are included for situational awareness only.
The yellow regions indicate a hazard of 2’ of water over the flight deck and requires ship CO approval with the recommendation from the OIC or senior HAC present to operate in this region.
The red regions present significant risk of water impacting the rotor blades which can result in catastrophic damage and the loss of aircrew or flight deck personnel. Operation in this region is prohibited with personnel or aircraft on the flight deck.
Again, the plots are based on steady speed, non-maneuvering conditions therefore initiating turns and speed changes can increase the size of both hazard regions.
Raising or lowering aircraft onto and off jacks and operation of the hangar bay overhead crane require what?
Amber deck from bridge
Flight deck fire party
two AFFF hose teams and a backup
Aircraft requirements during ship’s weapon firing
Either outside the weapons blast/concussion range or as far as practicable from the firing mounts with doors and hatches open
HERP minimum safe distance
(HERP) Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Personnel
- SPY Low – 50’
- SPY High – 520’
- Fire control – 1,950’
there is not hazard to personnel on the flight deck or on top of the helo on the flight deck
HOSTAC
(HOSTAC) Helicopter Operations from Ships other than Aircraft Carriers
Multinational helo/ship interoperability information
Shipboard Aviation Facilities Resume
Certification of individual ships for use by all U.S. helicopters
Alert 5
- Aircraft: spotted for immediate takeoff, blades spread. External power applied, stores loaded, mission power on.
- Aircrew: strapped in, checklists complete up to starting engines.
- Ship: at flight quarters
- Max time: 4 hours
as fatiguing as actual flight and should only be used when launch is imminent
Alert 15
- Aircraft: spotted for takeoff, blades spread, stores loaded
- Aircrew: briefed, preflight complete, standing by
- Ship: at flight quarters
- Max time: 8 hours
Alert 30
- Aircraft: in hangar or on deck, blades may be folded, stores loaded
- Aircrew: briefed
- Ship: not at flight quarters
- Max time: 18/48
Alert 60
- Aircraft: in hangar, heavy weather tie downs, minor maintenance may be performed
- Aircrew: designated and available
- Ship: not at flight quarters
Post-deployment “Fly-off” policy
- Normally should not be conducted at night or under IMC.
- Fly-off distances shall not exceed 75% of max range.
122: SAR Helo required equipment
(HSL)
- Hoist with rescue device
- Searchlight for night
- Life rafts
Personnel required for aircraft movement
6 total.
- FDD
- Brakerider
- 2x chock/chainmen
- 2x safety observers
LSO (or traverse qual’d det member) and power cable tender will act as 2x safety observers
Brakeriders shall not wear _______________.
salt water activated floatation
When is the ship required to be on BRC for day VMC recoveries?
Base recovery course required by the time the aircraft is at 1/4 NM on final.
When is the ship required to be on BRC for night and IMC recoveries?
Base recovery course required by the time the aircraft is at 3 NM on final.
HIFR winds required
Wind 300 to 360 degrees relative, 10-30 knots
How long does setting flight quarters take?
30 minutes
Ship speed should not be less than ________ during aircraft movement to prevent deck instability.
6 knots
HIFR deck crew
Crew leader and two hose handlers
Night HIFR requirements
(HEAR)
- Horizon (natural horizon visible)
- Exceedances (should not exceed 5 pitch, 10 roll)
- Amber wands (LSE positioned with wands)
- Radios (pass numbers to helo)
night HIFR requires operational necessity
JP-5 fuel quality check
shall not be refueled if fuel is not clean and bright; contains more than 2mg/L of particulate; or contains more than 5 ppm of free water
What is required for APU start or operation?
Flight deck personnel shall man a fire bottle.
Flight quarters not required.
Right seat vs. left seat lighting requirements on approach to land
Right seat - position lights steady
Left seat - position lights flashing
True winds abaft the beam considerations for night/IMC launches and recoveries
For night/IMC launches and recoveries, ship course and speed solutions with true winds abaft the beam are not recommended.
The high nose attitude required to keep closure rate under control coupled with reduced visual references at night, increases possibility of vertigo for aircrew.
Night/IMC launch and recovery operations with true winds abaft the beam shall only be conducted with PIC concurrence.
EMCON or Lost Comm visual signals from helo to ship for the following:
- I require immediate landing
- I desire to land but can wait for next recovery.
- I desire immediate HIFR.
- I desire to establish comms on helo control or fleet common 277.8.
- Fly close aboard starboard quarter, searchlight/hover light on. Complete electrical failure - fire red flare seaward.
- Fly by or hover starboard side, position lights FLASHING/BRIGHT, smacks ON. Complete electrical failure - fire red flare safe bearing away from ship.
- Fly by then hover on port beam, give hand signal, fire flare seaward.
- Fly slowly port side in low-alt., tight left hand pattern. Or fire flare seaward.
HERO
(HERO) Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance
Premature actuation of explosive devices in ordnance systems that could cause injury to personnel.
Preferred location for loading aircraft
Flight deck is preferred area for loading aircraft.
Loading in hangar deck may be authorized by ship CO in case of operational necessity.
Ordnance allowed when aircraft hangared for an alert condition
- Torpedoes
- Marine markers
- Sonobuoys
- CADs
When do the SGSI and ASGSI need to be energized before flight ops?
SGSI - 4 hours prior
ASGSI - 1 hour prior
How is a wave-off initiated at night by the LSO?
Radio calls and/or LSE NVD complaint wands/signals
The wave off lights shall not be used.
Positive Control
Positive Control: Radar and radio contact with aircraft being controlled. Shall be used during the following:
- Ceiling < 500’
- Visibility < 1 mile
- All flight ops between 30 min after sunset until 30 min before sunrise except as modified by OTC or CO
“Pigeons”
Bearing and range of aircraft to the ship
Night/IMC: The aircraft shall depart on the stipulated departure course, climbing to a minimum of _________ prior to ______________.
300’; commencing a turn
“Ops normal” report should include what two things?
Fuel state and souls on board
Helo operations are not normally conducted when weather is below a ceiling of 500’/1 unless…?
a CCA or PAR is available within the operating range of the helicopter
Explain the Air-Capable ships TACAN approach
There are three IAFs (A, B, C) with ‘A’ being the Primary Marshal on a heading of 150 deg relative (starboard approach). ‘B’ is a straight-in at 180 relative and ‘C’ is 210 relative. Weather required for the approach is 200’-1/2.
A holding pattern is established out to 4 DME. Turning inbound on the bearing (150 deg relative), 200’ is maintained through the FAF at 1.5 DME until the MAP at 0.5 DME. Descend like a normal approach to 125’ at 0.25 and continue.
If visual contact is not made by the MAP, climb to 400’ maintaining the 30 deg offset unless it’s a straight-in in which case change heading 30 deg. Drive out to 3 NM or after 3 minutes turn downwind and proceed to desired Marshall point.
Overhead DELTA pattern
Left-hand racetrack around the ship at 500’ MSL
Helicopters shall clear the control zone at or below ________. Helicopters shall not cross behind the stern within ________.
300’; 1mile
Night pax flights to or from air-capable ships shall be limited to situations of _________________.
operational necessity to properly certified ships
Cargo to be hoisted aboard the helicopter should not exceed __________ because of _______________.
200 lbs; crewman limitations
Under no circumstances shall a _________________ be secured to a ship.
line from an airborne helicopter
Material weighting less than _________ shall be transferred in a weighted bag.
30 lbs.
Night transfers to _____________ shall not be attempted except in cases of _________________.
submarines; operational necessity
VERTREP winds
relative head wind of 15-30 knots is considered ideal
Pilot endurance for VERTREP day vs. night
Day VERTREP = 6-8 hours
Night VERTREP = 2-3 hours
VERTREP: Do not hook an empty net to the aircraft without at least _________ or __________ or an equivalent weight in the net.
four wood or six metal pallets
One or more of the following conditions shall exist prior to conducting night VERTREP to appropriately certified ships:
- A natural horizon
- The drop/pickup zone of the ship to be worked is clearly visible from the cockpit when over the drop/pickup zone of the transferring/receiving ship.
(122) Four basic categories of aircraft emergencies
- Those that cause an aircraft to ditch/crash
- Immediate landing
- Precautionary shipboard landing
- Those that occur on the flight deck
10 steps the ship is required to take when an in-flight emergency is called?
(ART VANS BRO)
- Aircraft position - plot.
- Radar contact - maintain.
- Turn towards aircraft’s last know posit or crash at best speed.
- Vector aircraft to nearest airport or air-capable ship - as req.
- Air distress frequencies (121.5 / 243.0) - monitor.
- Notify senior det pilot aboard
- Summon qualified pilot to bridge or CIC
- Brief and station lookouts
- Request assistance from/inform other units/agencies
- Obtain info as to type of emergency and pilot intentions
ALPHA pattern
- Hung Ordnance pattern
- Clockwise pattern around the ship at 300’ AGL / 80 KIAS
Offset approach procedure for hang fire / misfire
- Shall be flown from the right seat only during day or night VMC
- Land in port RSD or clear deck. Keep aircraft heading adjusted to keep missiles pointed clear of the port side of the ship’s superstructure (yaw increases with decreasing range to ship).
- Recommended heading approx. 5 deg left of BRC at 1/4 mile.
- In a hover over flight deck, offset angle 25-40 deg left of ship centerline.
Jettison hung ordnance if on the right side.
ELVA approach procedure
Gate position - 4 miles / 400’ / 70 KIAS
Every 1 mile descend 100’. Slow to 40 KIAS at 1 mile.
50’ at 0.5 DME, MAP at 100 yds.
MAP - 30 deg climbing left turn to 400’.
Right, left, and straight-in approaches authorized.
HEFOE Codes
Mode I transponder first digits:
- 0 - Ok
- 1 - Hydraulic
- 2 - Electrical
- 3 - Fuel
- 4 - O2
- 5 - Engine
When to use an ELVA?
- Approach to an air-capable ship below approach minimums
- It is an emergency procedure
- Shall not be attempted unless aircraft does not have adequate fuel to divert to a GCA-equipped airfield or CCA-equipped ship
When to use a Smokelight Approach? Include considerations.
LAST RESORT when available equipment will not allow ELVA to be used or ship cannot be visually acquired using ELVA.
Requires ship CO and PIC concurrence.
Before resorting to a smoke light approach, consideration should be given to the following:
- Returning the aircraft to the ship early.
- Maneuvering the ship into an area of better visibility.
- Vectoring the aircraft to another available ship where visibility is better.
- Vectoring the aircraft to a suitable alternate airfield.
Smokelight approach procedure
Aircraft 2 miles astern (180 deg relative from BRC).
Fly inbound at 40’ / 40 KIAS. Ship personnel drop smoke/matrix lights every 15 seconds.
Adjust closure rate to acquire ship visually. Safe closure at about 12-13 second intervals.
How many people required for manual helo movement on the deck?
19-23 people
- LSO
- FDD
- Brakerider
- 2x steering bar operators (SBOs)
- 2x safety observers
- 2x chock runners
- Aircraft mover
Wind envelopes are based on steady state winds. During gusty conditions, if gust spread is __________ or more, reduce the max winds allowed for rotor engagement/disengagement by __________.
10 knots; 10 knots in all quadrants
Advisory Control
Advisory Control: Monitoring radar and radio channels to advise pilots of traffic and operating/hazaradous areas. Shall be used where traffic density in OPAREA requires a higher degree of control for safety of flight than normally required under VMC. Recommended where positive control is not required.
NATOPS (Ch.8): Name the four types of approaches for shipboard landings
- Visual approach / alternate instrument approach
- Instrument approach
- ELVA (wx < mins and bingo fuel inadequate to get to GCA/CCA airfield or ship)
- Offset approach or ordnance lineup approach
NATOPS (Ch.8): Lighting configuration at night on approach
- Lower smacks OFF
- RAST light ON
- Position lights DIM
Name the two types of HIFR hoses
- Wiggins/North Island HIFR Rig
- NATO-Compatible High Capacity HIFR Rig
Most U.S. helos are configured with what type of HIFR connection? What is required when NOT using this type?`
Most U.S. helicopters are configured with a Wiggins-type connection for HIFR refueling, whereas all other NATO countries with HIFR capability use a Parker connection.
If a U.S. helo performs HIFR with a NATO ship, an adapter to convert the Parker nozzle to a Wiggins type connection will be required.
During HIFR, if neither precheck switch in the cockpit will secure fuel flow, fueling should be ______________.
Continued only if necessary. If fueling is required, proceed with caution in order to prevent rupture of the main fuel cell.
NVD compatible
Lighting systems which are only required for the unaided operator and shall have no adverse effect on the aided operator. Virtually invisible on NVDs.
VERTREP Winds for CruDes to CVN
Optimum winds 330-030
VERTREP Winds for CruDes to CruDes
Optimum winds 270-330 and 030-090
