12.12 - Mass transport in humans Flashcards
CIRCULATION SYSTEM
1) The heart is made up of.. and pumps…
2) The vena cava is the main vein..
3) PA, PV, aorta.
4) Coronary arteries branch off from the aorta and take blood..
5) The liver’s function is to… it has three blood vessels:
6)The kidney is important for.. two blood vessels:
1) cardiac muscle, blood around the body
2) returning blood to the RA of the heart
3) PA = blood from RV > lungs, PV = blood from lungs > LA.
Aorta = main artery, blood from heart > organs
4) to the muscles of the heart. Heart muscle needs its own capillary supply for rapid delivery of oxygen.
5) to process absorbed food molecules. Hepatic artery (aorta > liver), HV (liver > vena cava), H portal vein. (intestines > liver)
6) Excretion of nitrogenous waste and for osmoregulation, Renal artery, blood to kidney, RV = blood from kidney.
NEED FOR A CIRULATION SYSTEM
1) all cells need a plentiful supply of… this needs to be delivered..
2) diffusion is..
3) blood, water + dissolved substances are transported by..
MASS FLOW
1) The bulk movement of liquids and gases is due to..
2) it’s easier to generate a pressure gradient in
3) The contraction of the LV generates..
4) the pressure in the capillaries and veins is… so moves..
5) The lower the SA:V ratio + the more active an organism..
6) mammals have a double circulatory system meaning..
7) this is because when blood passes through the lungs..
1) oxygen, rapidly to all cells
2) too slow
3) mass flow
1) a pressure difference
2) closed systems - more efficient
3) high pressure
4) lower, down a pressure gradient through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and into the veins.
5) the greater the need for a specialised transport system w a pump.
6) blood passes twice through the heart for a complete circuit.
7) pressure is reduced, so it is returned to the heart to increase pressure before being circulated to the rest of the body.
BLOOD VESSELS
ARTERIES
1) The function is to… Blood is under.. Wall is very thick to..
2) Outer layer is made of: this helps it to..
3) The muscle middle layer is smooth. Muscle contractions constrict..
4) The elastic middle layer is thick and made of.. it is for: s_&r_, it allows wall to s… stopping pressure from….it r..maintaining… So variations in BP..
5) Inner most layer has: s_e_c to reduce.. it is only..
ARTERIOLES
1) They are smaller than.. connect artery to… the vessel diameter is smaller…greater friction between..
2) Outer layer is made of: this helps it to..
3) The muscle layer is proportionally…the muscle in it can be contracted to…this reduces flow into the…the muscle can be relaxed which causes…
4) Elastic layer is… as the BP is…less need for the..
5) Inner most layer has: s_e_c to reduce.. it is only..
CAPILLARIES
1) It is involved in the exchange of… The diameter is very…and there is a large no…creates greater…reducing…
2) Inner most layer has: s_e_c to reduce.. it is only.. Capillaries also have many fene… and a supporting base membrane made of…
VEINS
1) Carry blood back to…veins have va…, BP is very…blood is moved along vein by the…valves only allow blood to pass…
2) Outer layer is made of: this helps it to..
3) Muscle layer is thinner as no need for:
4) Elastic layer is thin because…
5) Inner most layer has: s_e_c to reduce.. it is only..
1) transport blood from heart to organs, high pressure, withstand this pressure.
2) fibrous proteins and gives strength + support to the wall, helping it to resist damage due to the high pressure of the blood inside.
3) the vessel and reduce the vol. of blood passing through the vessel to increase the blood pressure.
4) elastic protein fibres. Stretch and recoil. Allows wall to stretch as oulse of blood flows past, stops pressure from rising too high. Recoils once blood passes - maintaining hydrostatic pressure on the blood. Variations in BP partially smoothed out.
5) smooth endothelial cells to reduce friction and gives smooth flow. One cell thick.
1) arteries, artery to the capillaries. than an artery, there is greater friction between the blood and the vessel wall - causes a fall in BP.
2) fibrous proteins and gives strength + support to the wall, helping it to resist damage due to the high pressure of the blood inside.
3) thicker. constrict the vessel, reducing flow into the organs (to increase delivery of oxygen to respiring muscle cells) relaxed to cause vessel to dilate and allow more blood into organ.
4) thinner, lower, elasticity required to allow pulse of blood to pass.
5) smooth endothelial cells to reduce friction and gives smooth flow. One cell thick.
1) materials between blood and tissue cells. Diameter is small, large number of capillaries. Creates greater friction and high SA, reducing BP and blood flow.
2) smooth endothelial cells to reduce friction and gives smooth flow. One cell thick. fenestrations (pores between adjacent cells), fibrous proteins.
1) heart from tissue. valves. Low. squeezing action of skeletal muscles when they contract. One direction to ensure the blood goes back to the heart.
2) fibrous proteins and gives strength + support to the wall,
3) vaso-constriction, all blood returning to heart
4) pressure is low, wall doesn’t need to s&r
5) smooth endothelial cells to reduce friction and gives smooth flow. One cell thick.
Explain how an arteriole can reduce the blood flow into the capillaries. (2)
1) muscle contracts
2) Arteriole lumen narrows / constricts
Arteries and arterioles take blood away from the heart. Explain how the structures of the walls of arteries and arterioles are related to their functions. (8)
ELASTIC
1) stretches under pressure
2) recoils
3) evens out pressure and blood flow
MUSCLE
4) muscle contracts
5) reduces diamter of vessel / constricts
6) changes flow / pressure
EPITHELIUM
7) smooth epithelium
8) reduces friction
Describe how tissue fluid is formed and how it is returned to the circulatory system. (8)
FORMATION
1) High hydrostatic pressure (at arterial end)
2) Forces water and fluids out
3) Large proteins remain in capillary
RETURN
4) Lower WP in capillary blood
5) Due to plasma proteins
6) Water enters capillary blood (at venous end)
7) By osmosis
8) Excess tissue fluid is removed from the tissues via lymph vessels.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
1) When more liquid leaves the capillary than enters…
2) So tissue fluid drains into..
3) They merge together and form a network running through the body. They eventually empty..
4) skeletal muscles contractions assist..
1) the tissue fluid cannot stay in the tissue spaces otherwise swelling occurs
2) open ended tubes = lymphatic vessels
3) back into the blood stream in the veins in the neck region
4) in the movement of lymph fluid.
HEART STRUCTURE
The heart is two separate…each consisting of an…wall of the heart is made of…
BLOOD FLOW
1) Deoxygenated blood returns..
2) The blood then passes via..
3) The blood now passes through the lungs and returns..
4) The blood then passes through a second…
EXTRA
5) The right ventricle is pumping blood…while the LV is…
6) The LV requires more…so is… RV needs to be low…
7) The septum separates… this maintains..
8) If the coronary arteries are blocked…
pumps, upper chamber (atrium) and lower chamber (ventricle). Cardiac muscle.
1) from the body in the vena cava and enters the right atrium
2) an atrio-ventricular valve into the right ventricle and out, via the semi lunar valve into the pulmonary artery
3) to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein.
4) atrio-ventricular valve into the left ventricle, then through a SL valve into the aorta and then onto the body tissues.
5) through the PA only, pumping blood through a larger number of capillaries around the body.
6) pressure and the wall is thicker which provides more muscle fibres for a greater contraction force. RV needs to be low pressure to prevent damage to capillaries in lungs.
7) oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood. maintains high conc. of o2 in oxygenated to maintain conc. gradient to enable diffusion at respiring cells.
8) The cardiac muscle won’t receive o2, cells can’t respire and die, myocardial infraction (heart attack).
PRESSURE IN THE CHAMBERS
- Pressure is…
- The change in pressure in the heart chambers is as a result of..
- Systole is… Diastole is…
1) BLOOD ENTERS ATRIUM
- Blood vol. increases… so the pressure is greater… AV valve..
- Atrium muscles contract increasing…so remaining blood is…
2) BLOOD ENTERS VENTRICLE
- Increased pressure in ventricle due to.. Pressure is greater than in.. so AV valve..
3) VENTRICLE MUSCLES CONTRACT
- This further increases pressure…until… Semi Lunar valve…So blood enters…
- The amount of force acting on a surface
- Both the changes in the vol. of blood in the chambers and the contractions of the heart muscle.
- Contraction of heart muscle, relaxation of HM.
1) pressure in atrium, than in ventricle, AV valve opens.
- pressure. forced into V from A.
2) volume of blood. Atrium. Closes.
3) in ventricle until it’s greater than the aorta/PA. SL valve opens. BLood enters aorta/PA. So pumped to body (left) or lungs (right).
PRESSURE IN THE CHAMBERS
- Pressure is…
- The change in pressure in the heart chambers is as a result of..
- Systole is… Diastole is…
1) BLOOD ENTERS ATRIUM
- Blood vol. increases… so the pressure is greater… AV valve..
- Atrium muscles contract increasing…so remaining blood is…
2) BLOOD ENTERS VENTRICLE
- Increased pressure in ventricle due to.. Pressure is greater than in.. so AV valve..
3) VENTRICLE MUSCLES CONTRACT
- This further increases pressure…until… Semi Lunar valve…So blood enters…
4) VENTRICLE MUSCLES RELAX
- pressure in ventricle is less than..so SL valves..then blood enters..
- The amount of force acting on a surface
- Both the changes in the vol. of blood in the chambers and the contractions of the heart muscle.
- Contraction of heart muscle, relaxation of HM.
1) pressure in atrium, than in ventricle, AV valve opens.
- pressure. forced into V from A.
2) volume of blood. Atrium. Closes.
3) in ventricle until it’s greater than the aorta/PA. SL valve opens. BLood enters aorta/PA. So pumped to body (left) or lungs (right).
4) in aorta/ PA. SL closes, then blood enters atrium increasing pressure (Cardiac cycle complete)
HEART VALVES
1) The AV valves and SL valves ensure that…
2) They only open in.. open and close due to..
3) AV valves open when…close when…
4) SL valves open when…close when…
5) Prevents the…
1) blood flows in one direction only in the heart.
2) one direction. pressure diffs. on each side of valve.
3) Pressure is greater in atria than ventricles. Greater pressure in ventricles than atria.
4) Greater pressure in ventricles than arteries (PA/aorta). Greater pressure in arteries than ventricles.
5) backflow of blood.
CARDIAC OUTPUT
1) CO =
2) SV =
3) HR =
4) Units for each?
5) Formula.
1) The volume of blood pumped out of the LV per minute.
2) Volume of blood pumped out of the LV in one cardiac cycle.
3) number of cardiac cycles (beats per minute)
4) CO = dm3min-1, SV = dm3, HR = bpm.
5) CO = SV x HR
1dm3 = 1000cm3
CORONARY HEART DISEASE
1) CHD means any interference with the…
2) Main causes of blockage to them (2)
3) RISK FACTORS =
- Age =
- Gender =
- Genetic =
- Smoking =
- Stress =
- High cholesterol/lipid diet =
1) coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart muscle itself.
2) Atherosclerosis (damage to wall) , and thrombosis (clot causes blockage).
3) factor that increases change of developing a disease, some unavoidable, some lifestyle.
- Age = risk increases w age due to gradual deposit
- Gender = men are more at risk until middle age, due to protective effect of oestrogen.
- Genetic = predisposition due to genes, same family may have similar lifestyles
- Smoking = nicotine = vaso constrictor = increases BP, damage to endothelium, chemicals in smoke = increased chance of thrombosis
- Stress = stressful lifestyle = increased BP
- High cholesterol/lipid diet = high BP, increased blood toxins, increased CH level, damage to endothelium wall, increase in lipid uptake.
PRESSURE IN BLOOD VESSELS IN DESCENDING ORDER =
Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cave.
The thickness of the aorta wall changes all the time during each cardiac cycle. Explain why. (5)
1) Aorta wall stretches
2) Because heart contracts / pressure increases
3) Aorta wall recoils
4) Because heart relaxes / pressure falls
5) Maintains smooth flow
