121 Flashcards
Bob Altemyer
authoritarian
submission - should do as they’re told
agression - should be punished if they don’t do as their told
conventionalism
Philip Zimbardo
Stanford prison experiment
depersonalisation
deindividuation
Albert Bandura
observational learning of aggression
Robert Rosenthal
the pygmalin effect
The Golem effect
lower expectations placed upon individuals either by the supervisors or the individual themselves lead to poorer performance by the individual
Sheldon 20th century
constitutional psychology
linked personality to body types
Stanley Milgram
Obedience (electric shock study)
Max Ringleman
‘Ringleman effect’ rope pulling experiment
Soloman Asch
Conformity-line experiment
Bibb Latane
bystander effect - waiting room questionnaire
Leon Fistinger
cognitive dissonance - dorothy martin end of the world
Gordon Allport
social facilitation - pool study
Norman Triplett
cyclist/finishing reel
Muzafer Sherif
conformity in ambiguous(not certain if right and wrong) - autokinetic effect
Geert Hofstede
cultural psychology - cultural views 6 cultural values
Duckit and Sibley
Authoritarianism - punitive socialisation as root cause
Ingham, Graves, Peckham
social loafing - 3 groups motivation and co ordination loss experiment
Wilhelm Wundt
structuralism - first lab reaction times, introspection
William James
Functionalism - used introspection and objective measures
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis - focus on unconscious, dream analysis of childhood experiences
Ivan Pavlov
Classical conditioning - salivation and learned response
John. B. Watson
Behaviourism - impossibility of introspection, little Albert
B. F. Skinner
reinforcement and punishment - skinner box - behaviour and reward
Introspection
the process when someone examines their own conscious
Titchner
developed structuralism focuses on the mental process rather than the function
deterministic view
outside factors determine psychological behaviour and are out of your control
Behaviourism
theory learning based on the idea that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment
What culture makes up the majority of psychology
westernised
Social Psychology definition
social interactions, including their origins and their effects on individuals and the world around us
conformity
the extent to which we do what other people are doing
informational influence
modify your behaviour, opinions beliefs based on information you receive from others
normative influence
joining a group of people despite not agreeing with what they believe
Authoritarian personality
a person who has extreme respect and is more likey to be obedient due to harsh parenting
ambiguity
uncertainity
punitive socialisation
idea that being punished as a child leads to authoritarianism
social comparison theory
the idea that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others
cognitive dissonance
feeling of uncomfortable tension that comes from holding two conflicting thoughts at the same time
what makes cognitive dissonance increase
- the importance of the subject
- the strength of the conflict between dissonant thought
- our inability to rationalise and explain away the conflict
what makes cognitive dissonance be released
- changing behaviour
- justifying behaviour by changing the conflicting cognition
-justifying behaviour by adding new cognitions dissonance is most powerful when it is about our self image
depersonalisation
switch from seeing themselves as a person to seeing themselves in the group they belong
deindividualisation
loss of self awareness in groups
4 common bioethical principles
respect for autonomy
beneficence
malefinance
justice
NZ has 4 basic principles
don’t discriminate
privacy and confidentiality
responsible caring
integrity and relationships
Emic
approaches are those primary within a cultural context
etic
looks at psychology questions formed by cross-cultural perspectives, not assuming that any one culture is relevant in answering questions
individualistic cultures
self-defined as in separate and independent from the group
collectivistic culture
self-defined only in relation to the group
What are Hofstedes cultural values
individualistic/collectivistic
masculine/feminine
uncertainty avoidance
power distance
time perspective
indulgence/restraint
correspondence bias/fundamental attribution error
tendency to attribute others behaviour to internal distributions rather than situations constraints
self-serving bias
tendency to attribute our positive outcomes to internal stable ‘causes’ and negative outcomes to external stable factors
social facilitation
the presence of others improves your individual task performance
social loafing
a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task compared to when working either alone or co-atively
the ringelmann effect
pulling on ropes
golem effect
phenomenon in which lower expectations placed upon individuals either by the supervisors or the individual themselves lead to poorer
Empiricism
the idea that all learning comes from only experience and observations
