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Crusades > 1.2 Why did the situation in western Europe encourage crusading? > Flashcards

1.2 Why did the situation in western Europe encourage crusading? Flashcards

1
Q

What were the main motivations for the Crusades?

A

The main motivations included:
* Papal eagerness to lead a crusading movement
* Threat of Islam to Christianity
* Protecting Byzantium
* Theoretical issues like Just War, Peace of God, and Truce of God
* Practical motives such as bolstering papal power and defeating Muslims

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2
Q

What was the Just War theory?

A

Just War theory justifies war under certain conditions, including:
* A just cause
* Defense or recovery of rightful possessions
* Sanctioned by legitimate authority
* Right intentions of those fighting

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3
Q

Who were some historical figures associated with the concept of Just War?

A

Historical figures include:
* Joshua
* King David
* Judas Maccabeus
* Aristotle
* Livy
* Cicero
* Augustine of Hippo

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4
Q

What is the significance of the Peace of God and Truce of God movements?

A

They aimed to reduce violence among nobles and restore some order in a chaotic feudal society. These movements were instigated by the Catholic Church.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The offer from the Church to shorten time in Hell by undertaking _______ appealed to many.

A

[crusades]

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6
Q

True or False: The Church had little influence over people’s lives during the time of the Crusades.

A

False

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7
Q

What was the role of the papacy in the Crusades?

A

The papacy sought to lead the crusading movement to reinforce its power and address the Islamic threat to Christianity.

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8
Q

What was the impact of the collapse of the Roman Empire on the concept of Just War?

A

It made it difficult for Christian warriors to believe God was on their side, yet the notion of Just War persisted among successors like Charlemagne.

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9
Q

What events led to the emergence of a feudal society in France?

A

The division of Charlemagne’s empire among his heirs caused rivalry and poor governance, leading to local lords building castles and trying to maintain order.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The idea of a Just War was derived from sources including the Bible, Aristotle, and _______.

A

[early Christian writers]

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11
Q

What was a major issue regarding pilgrimage that influenced the Crusades?

A

The right of pilgrimage to holy places was threatened by the advance of the Turks.

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12
Q

What characterized the lives of people in Western Europe during the Crusades?

A

Their lives were often short and brutal, with a real fear of Hell influencing their decisions.

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13
Q

What was the Pax et Treuga Dei and its purpose?

A

It was the Peace and Truce of God aimed at reducing violence among nobles and restoring order.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Augustine of Hippo defined four essential characteristics of a Just War, including just cause and _______.

A

[right intentions of those who fight]

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15
Q

How did the Church benefit from the support of warriors like Charlemagne?

A

Warriors founded monasteries and gave lavish gifts to the Church, seeking to make up for their brutal lives.

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16
Q

What fears were heightened by the approach of the year 1000?

A

The expectation of an apocalyptic event heightened anxieties among local lords.

17
Q

What is the True Cross?

A

Believed to be the cross on which Christ had been crucified, found by Helena, the mother of Emperor Constantine, around 327.

18
Q

Define ‘Relic’.

A

A body part or a belonging from a holy person, kept as an object of reverence.

19
Q

What was the Pax Dei?

A

A peace proclaimed by local bishops stating that those who could not defend themselves were not to be attacked.

20
Q

What was the punishment for infringing the Pax Dei?

A

Excommunication, which could be removed if offenders provided reparation.

21
Q

What was the Truce of God?

A

Initially a temporary ban on fighting, later forbidding hostilities during specific times such as Advent and Lent.

22
Q

How many days were available for fighting each year due to the Truce of God?

A

80 days.

23
Q

What were the aims of the Just War and Peace and Truce of God movements?

A

To persuade Christians to go on crusades.

24
Q

What historical event led to the destruction of much of Jerusalem?

A

The destruction by the Romans in AD 70.

25
Q

Which sites became popular pilgrimage destinations after the conversion of Emperor Constantine?

A
  • The cave at Bethlehem
  • The Mount of Olives
  • The Garden of Gethsemane
26
Q

What was the significance of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?

A

Built on the site of Christ’s burial, it became a major pilgrimage destination.

27
Q

Who was Saint Jerome?

A

A Christian scholar who lived in Bethlehem and attracted many disciples.

28
Q

What did the practice of pilgrimage promise to believers?

A

Spiritual virtue and potential pardon for sins.

29
Q

What was the role of the Abbey of Cluny in pilgrimage?

A

It encouraged pilgrimage and recorded the number of pilgrims.

30
Q

What was the situation in the Byzantine Empire regarding pilgrimage by the tenth century?

A

The Byzantine Empire controlled the Balkans, making overland pilgrimage routes safer.

31
Q

What are ‘retinues’?

A

Followers such as guards, soldiers, and servants of a lord.

32
Q

What is an anti-pope?

A

A rival pope elected by opponents of a current pope.

33
Q

What does ‘papacy’ refer to?

A

The realm and influence of the popes, heads of the Roman Catholic Church.

34
Q

What document supported the pope’s power over western Europe?

A

The Donation of Constantine.

35
Q

True or False: The Donation of Constantine was a genuine document.

A

False.

36
Q

What was the Investiture Contest?

A

A struggle between the papacy and monarchs over the appointment of church officials.

37
Q

Who was Pope Gregory VII?

A

A pope who insisted on recognition of papal rights and engaged in the Investiture Contest.

38
Q

What was the Militia of Saint Peter?

A

A military force recruited by Pope Gregory VII offering absolution and salvation.

Crusades (5 decks)

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