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IB BIO: Unit 1 - Cell Biology > 1.2 Ultrastructure Of Cells > Flashcards

1.2 Ultrastructure Of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Structures of a biological organism that are at least one nanometer in their smallest dimension

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2
Q

Essential idea (ultrastructure)

A

Eukaryotes have a more complex cell structure than prokaryotes

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3
Q

Difference between an electron and light microscope

A

Light microscope magnification limited by visible light spectrum, electron microscope has better resolution. Light microscope allows observation of cell structure, while electron microscope allows observation of ultrastructure

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4
Q

Resolution

A

The shortest distance between two points that can be distinguished

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5
Q

Prokaryote

A

Cell that does not contain a nucleus with a simple structure and no compartmentalization. Simplest system that allows life.

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6
Q

Nucleoid

A

General area within a prokaryote where genetic information is stored

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7
Q

Binary fission

A

Process through which prokaryotes divide wherein the DNA is replicated semi-conservatively, the cell elongates and pinches off into two genetically identical daughter cells

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8
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Cells that possess both a nucleus and a complex ultrastructure with compartmentalization

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9
Q

Benefits of compartmentalization

A
  • localized and controlled enzyme conditions = efficient metabolism
  • localized conditions
  • toxic substances can be isolated
  • numbers and locations of organelles can be changed
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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Spherical membrane possessing double membrane with pores for mRNA passage. Stores genome and transcribes mRNA.

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Possessing a double membrane consisting of a folded inner membrane called cisternae, responsible for cell respiration and the production of ATP. Site of RNA.

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12
Q

Free ribosomes

A

80S ribosomes that are larger than prokaryotes, responsible for the synthesis of proteins used within the cell

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13
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

80S ribosomes attached, site of protein synthesis, those proteins transported by vestibules to Golgi apparatus for excretion cells. Located close to the nucleus.

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Flattened membrane sacs, close to plasma membrane. Modifies, or folds proteins to prepare them for excretion.

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15
Q

Lysosome

A

Containing strong digestive enzymes that break down food waste and recycle organelles. Due to high enzymatic concentration they stain dark under a microscope.

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16
Q

Vacuoles

A

Storage units with a single membrane. Central vacuole in a plant occupies majority of space and provides structure.

17
Q

Flagellum

A

Unique to animal cells, tail like structure used for movement

18
Q

Scilla

A

Animal only hairlike fibers on the outside of a cell that aid in movement and response

19
Q

Microtubules

A

Cylindrical fibers that have a variety of functions and play a role in cell division

20
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Possessed by many but not all plant cells, site of chlorophyll. Surrounded by a double membrane, containing stacks of thylakoids that increase surface area. Site of photosynthesis and glucose production.

21
Q

Excess glucose

A

Stored as starch

22
Q

Cell wall

A

Extra cellular, not considered an organelle. Secreted by all plant cells, consisting of permeable and strong cellulose that is difficult to digest.

23
Q

Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A
  • eukaryotes have separate membrane bound nucleus
  • prokaryotes had free flowing DNA in the cytoplasm
  • eukaryotes have complex compartmentalized membrane bound organelles
24
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Controls and regulates material exchange

25
Q

Pili

A

Protein filaments on cell wall that help cell adhesion and DNA transfer

26
Q

Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes

A

Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S ribosomes (bigger) while prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S (smaller)

27
Q

Plasmids

A

Small circles of DNA that carry a few genes, often responsible for antibiotic resistance + creation of genetically modified bacteria

28
Q

Semi-conservative chromosome replication

A

One complete strand of each double helix is directly derived from parental unit

29
Q

Four kingdoms of eukaryotes

A

Protocisa, fungi, plantae, animalia

30
Q

Compartmentalization

A

The formation of compartments within the cell by membrane bound organelles

31
Q

Nucleolus

A

Production of ribosomes

32
Q

Smoot endoplasmic reticulum

A

Producing and storing lipids including steroids

33
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes

A

Break down proteins, lipids, nucleus acids, carbs, fats etc into their smallest form

IB BIO: Unit 1 - Cell Biology (4 decks)

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