1.1 Cell Theory

Question 1

Cell Theory States

Answer 1

1. All living things are composed of cells
2. The cell is the smallest unit of life
3. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells

Question 2

Essential Idea cell theory unit

Answer 2

The evolution of multicellular organisms allowed cell specialization and cell replacement

Question 3

Totipotent cell

Answer 3

Unspecialized cell that can become any kind of specialized cell

Question 4

Advantage of multi-cellular organization

Answer 4

Cell death does not equal organism death

Question 5

Cells only arise from pre-existing cells

Answer 5

Cells multiply through division, all life evolved from simpler ancestors

Question 6

Examples of atypical cells that defy cell theory

Answer 6

1. Striated muscle cells
2. Asepate fungal hypnate
3. Giant algae

Question 7

Functions of life

Answer 7

Metabolism, Response, Homeostasis, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition

Question 8

Polyploidy

Answer 8

To have many sets of chromosomes

Question 9

Haploid

Answer 9

To have one set of chromosomes (gametes)

Question 10

Diploid

Answer 10

To have two sets of chromosomes

Question 11

Surface area to volume ratio

Answer 11

Units of membrane bear unit of volume in a cell

Question 12

Larger SA:Volume ratio

Answer 12

More efficient rate of material exchange

Question 13

Diffusion distance

Answer 13

Space between nucleus and membrane

Question 14

Examples where large SA: Vol ratio is undesirable

Answer 14

1. Warm blooded small animals that lose heat to quickly

2. Desert plants that would lose more water

Question 15

SA:Vol Ratio purposes

Answer 15

1. Increase efficiency of material exchange

2. Signal time for cell division

Question 16

Cell compartmentalization

Answer 16

The use of membranes (organelles) to separate cells into specific areas with specific functions

Question 17

Rate of cell metabolism is a function of

Answer 17

SA: Vol ratio

Question 18

Faster increase throughout cell growth

Answer 18

Volume

Question 19

Death due to metabolic rate occurs when

Answer 19

Cell metabolism is faster than rate of exchange

Question 20

Cell division occurs when

Answer 20

The surface area to volume ratio has favored volume to the point that the cells metabolic rate is faster than it’s rate of exchange

Question 21

Cells specialized for material exchange do what to increase efficiency

Answer 21

Increase their surface are through folds e.g mitochondria, lung cells, digestive tract

Question 22

Emergent properties

Answer 22

Properties that arise from interaction of components that were not present in the individual components

Question 23

Emergence in multi-cellular organisms

Answer 23

Multicellular organisms have properties that arise form the interactions of their cellular components

Question 24

Differentiation

Answer 24

• The process of cells expressing some genes and not others within the genome in order to specialize for a particular function with a distinct structure. Active genes instruct which proteins should be synthesized. Active genes more loosely coiled.

Question 25

Phenotype

Answer 25

Physical representation of genes

Question 26

Genome

Answer 26

Sum of an organisms genetic information

Question 27

Degree of specialization depends on

Answer 27

Number of active genes possess by a cell

Question 28

Totipotent

Answer 28

Cells that can give rise to an entire organism

Question 29

Pluripotent

Answer 29

Cells that can differentiate into many specialized cell types

Question 30

Multipotent

Answer 30

Cell that can differentiate into a few closely related specialized cell types

Question 31

Unipotent

Answer 31

Clean regenerate into associated cell type

Question 32

Stem cell treatment fo Stargardts disease

Answer 32

- photoreceptor cells degenerate - progressive and eventual total loss of vision - embryonic stem cells injected into retina - Improves central vision

Question 33

Treatment of Leukemia through stem cells

Answer 33

- heamatopoetic stem cells harvested from bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood - transported back into bone marrow to differentiate into healthy white blood cells - lesser risk of immune rejection

Question 34

Trends and exceptions

Answer 34

All living systems show trends that inform theories, but there are often exceptions

Question 35

Striated muscle cells

Answer 35

- challenges the idea that cells have to be small and posses only one nucleus

Question 36

Examples of unicellular organisms

Answer 36

- paramecium | - chlamydomas

Question 37

Autotrophic

Answer 37

Possessing the ability to manufacture their own food

Question 38

Humane genome

Answer 38

Approximately 21,000 genes

Question 39

Stem cell

Answer 39

Undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that can form more class of the same type indefinitely and from which others cells arise by differentiation

Question 40

Sources of stem cells

Answer 40

Embryonic, umbilical cord, found within organs

Question 41

Ethical implications of embryonic stem cell treatment

Answer 41

- termination of embryo (potential life)

Question 42

Benefits of embryonic stem cell treatment

Answer 42

- could eliminate serious diseases and disabilities - transplants can be obtained without death - limited chance of immune rejection