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IB BIO: Unit 1 - Cell Biology > 1.1 Cell Theory > Flashcards

1.1 Cell Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory States

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells
  2. The cell is the smallest unit of life
  3. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Essential Idea cell theory unit

A

The evolution of multicellular organisms allowed cell specialization and cell replacement

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3
Q

Totipotent cell

A

Unspecialized cell that can become any kind of specialized cell

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4
Q

Advantage of multi-cellular organization

A

Cell death does not equal organism death

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5
Q

Cells only arise from pre-existing cells

A

Cells multiply through division, all life evolved from simpler ancestors

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6
Q

Examples of atypical cells that defy cell theory

A
  1. Striated muscle cells
  2. Asepate fungal hypnate
  3. Giant algae
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7
Q

Functions of life

A

Metabolism, Response, Homeostasis, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition

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8
Q

Polyploidy

A

To have many sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

Haploid

A

To have one set of chromosomes (gametes)

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10
Q

Diploid

A

To have two sets of chromosomes

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11
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

Units of membrane bear unit of volume in a cell

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12
Q

Larger SA:Volume ratio

A

More efficient rate of material exchange

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13
Q

Diffusion distance

A

Space between nucleus and membrane

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14
Q

Examples where large SA: Vol ratio is undesirable

A
  1. Warm blooded small animals that lose heat to quickly

2. Desert plants that would lose more water

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15
Q

SA:Vol Ratio purposes

A
  1. Increase efficiency of material exchange

2. Signal time for cell division

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16
Q

Cell compartmentalization

A

The use of membranes (organelles) to separate cells into specific areas with specific functions

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17
Q

Rate of cell metabolism is a function of

A

SA: Vol ratio

18
Q

Faster increase throughout cell growth

A

Volume

19
Q

Death due to metabolic rate occurs when

A

Cell metabolism is faster than rate of exchange

20
Q

Cell division occurs when

A

The surface area to volume ratio has favored volume to the point that the cells metabolic rate is faster than it’s rate of exchange

21
Q

Cells specialized for material exchange do what to increase efficiency

A

Increase their surface are through folds e.g mitochondria, lung cells, digestive tract

22
Q

Emergent properties

A

Properties that arise from interaction of components that were not present in the individual components

23
Q

Emergence in multi-cellular organisms

A

Multicellular organisms have properties that arise form the interactions of their cellular components

24
Q

Differentiation

A
  • The process of cells expressing some genes and not others within the genome in order to specialize for a particular function with a distinct structure. Active genes instruct which proteins should be synthesized. Active genes more loosely coiled.
25
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical representation of genes

26
Q

Genome

A

Sum of an organisms genetic information

27
Q

Degree of specialization depends on

A

Number of active genes possess by a cell

28
Q

Totipotent

A

Cells that can give rise to an entire organism

29
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cells that can differentiate into many specialized cell types

30
Q

Multipotent

A

Cell that can differentiate into a few closely related specialized cell types

31
Q

Unipotent

A

Clean regenerate into associated cell type

32
Q

Stem cell treatment fo Stargardts disease

A
  • photoreceptor cells degenerate
  • progressive and eventual total loss of vision
  • embryonic stem cells injected into retina
  • Improves central vision
33
Q

Treatment of Leukemia through stem cells

A
  • heamatopoetic stem cells harvested from bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood
  • transported back into bone marrow to differentiate into healthy white blood cells
  • lesser risk of immune rejection
34
Q

Trends and exceptions

A

All living systems show trends that inform theories, but there are often exceptions

35
Q

Striated muscle cells

A
  • challenges the idea that cells have to be small and posses only one nucleus
36
Q

Examples of unicellular organisms

A
  • paramecium

- chlamydomas

37
Q

Autotrophic

A

Possessing the ability to manufacture their own food

38
Q

Humane genome

A

Approximately 21,000 genes

39
Q

Stem cell

A

Undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that can form more class of the same type indefinitely and from which others cells arise by differentiation

40
Q

Sources of stem cells

A

Embryonic, umbilical cord, found within organs

41
Q

Ethical implications of embryonic stem cell treatment

A
  • termination of embryo (potential life)
42
Q

Benefits of embryonic stem cell treatment

A
  • could eliminate serious diseases and disabilities
  • transplants can be obtained without death
  • limited chance of immune rejection

IB BIO: Unit 1 - Cell Biology (4 decks)

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