1.2 The cardio-respiratory system Flashcards
Cardiac cycle
The process of the heart going through the stages of systole and diastole in the atria and ventricles.
Diastolic blood pressure
When the heart is relaxing.
Embolism
The blockage of a blood vessel.
Haemoglobin
The substance in red blood cells which transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide.
Hypertension
High blood pressure in the arteries
Systolic blood pressure
When the heart is contracting.
Vasocontraction
Narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow, such as the arteries constricting during exercise so that less blood is delivered to inactive areas.
Vasodilation
Widening of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow, such as the arteries dilating during exercise so that more blood is supplied to active areas, effectively increasing their oxygen supply.
6 components of the air pathway
Nose and mouth
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Thoracic cavity
The space protected by the rib cage
Diaphragm
At the base of the rib cage controls rib movement
External intercostal muscles
Help to move rib cage
4 parts to the vascular system
Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Inbound vessels
Capillaries
Divert oxygenated blood around muscles
Veins
Transport blood back to the heart
Features of arteries
Have a pulse, stretch with blood, small lumen, most carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Features of veins
Thin walls, most carry deoxygenated blood forwards heart, large lumen, thin layer of smooth muscle, no pulse, have valve
Features of capillaries
Small, very narrow, 1 cell thick lumen, 1 cell thick walls, huge network linking arteries and veins
4 vessel functions
Blood distribution
Gaseous exchange
Maintain blood pressure
Redistribute blood
Atria
Upper chambers of the heart that collects blood from veins
Ventricles
Lower chambers of the heart which pump blood out of the heart to the arteries
RHA
Always receives deoxygenated blood back from the body
LHA
Always receives oxygenated blood back from the lungs
Heart structure from left to right from patients point of view starting at pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
LHA
LHV
RHV
RHA
Vena cava
Aorta
2 vena cavas
Superior and inferior
Walls of vena cava and pulmonary veins are
Pliable
Vena cava and pulmonary viens pressure is
Relatively low
Ventricles
Are responsible for ejecting blood from the heart with sufficient force
Which part of the heart is surrounded by the most cardiac muscle
LHV because it must generate enough pressure to send blood to the body via the aorta
Superior vena cava
Collects DO blood from the tip of the body
Inferior vena cava
Collects DO blood from the bottom of the body
The heart is a
Dual action pump
Stroke volume
The amount of blood that leaves the LHV per contraction
Cardiac cycle 10 stages
DO blood returns via the vena cava into the RHA
Blood is forced into the RHV
Blood is pumped out of heart, into PA
Blood continues up the PA to the lungs
Blood is directed to the lungs
O blood goes back to heart
LHA
LHV
Aorta
Working muscles
System circuit
To the lungs
Pulmonary circuit
To the body
Cardiac output equation
Q= HR x SV
Cardiac output
The total volume of blood ejected form the heart per mjn
Cardiac output increases as
Exercise intensity increases
Stroke volume peaks during
Moderate intensity exercise
Anticipatory rise
When adrenaline is released prior to exercise to increase HR before movement has begun
Total lung capacity
The maximum volume of air the lungs can hold following a maximum inhilation
Tidal volume
The volume of air breathed in it out during a normal breath
Expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air available to forcibly exhale following a normal exhalation
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of space available to fill following a normal inhalation
Residual volume
The volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after maximum exhilation
