1.2 - Substituted hydrocarbons

Question 1

Define a substituted hydrocarbon?

Answer 1

A substituted hydrocarbon that has one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms, or groups of atoms of other elements.

Question 2

Identify substituted hydrocarbons that contain oxygen?

Answer 2

Alcohols, organic (carboxylic) acids, and esters

Question 3

What is the General Formula of Alcohol?

Answer 3

CnH2n+1OH or CnH2n+2O

Question 4

What is the Functional Group of Alcohol?

Answer 4

─ OH

Question 5

What are some examples of Alcohol? (Molecular Formula)

Answer 5

1) CH3OH or CH4O
2) C2H5OH or C2H6O
3) C3H7OH or C3H8O

Question 6

What is the General Formula of Organic Acid?

Answer 6

CnH2nO2

Question 7

What is the Functional Group of Organic Acid?

Answer 7

Carboxyl (−COOH)

Question 8

What are some examples of Organic Acid? (Molecular Formula)

Answer 8

1) CH2O2
2) C2H4O2
3) C3H6O2

Question 9

What is the General Formula of Esters?

Answer 9

CnH2nO2

Question 10

What is the Functional Group of Esters?

Answer 10

(−COOC−)

Question 11

What are some examples of Esters? (Molecular Formula)

Answer 11

1) C2H4O2
2) C3H6O2
3) C4H8O2

Question 12

Define alcohol?

Answer 12

An organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (−OH) replaces a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon

Question 13

List some uses of alcohol?

Answer 13

1) Ethanol is used as a solvent and as a disinfectant

2) Rubbing alcohol is used for rubbing aching muscles

Question 14

Define esters?

Answer 14

An ester is a substituted hydrocarbon with a (−COOC−) group

Question 15

Explain how esters are formed?

Answer 15

Esters are made by reacting an alcohol with organic acid

Organic acid + Alcohol ⟶ ester + water

Question 16

List some uses of esters?

Answer 16

1) To make commercial soaps
2) To make fibers for clothing
3) As a flavoring agent such as fruit-flavored soft drinks and desserts
4) To make perfumes and odors that smell like fruits. For example, octyl ethanoate smells like oranges, and both isopentyl ethanoate and butyl ethanoate smell like bananas.

Question 17

Define an organic (carboxylic) acid?

Answer 17

An organic compound in which a carboxyl group (−COOH) replaces one of the hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon.

Question 18

List, using examples, some uses of organic acids?

Answer 18

1) Ethanoic acid, also known as acetic acid, is an organic acid found in vinegar.
2) Citric acid found in citrus fruits, such as oranges and lemons
3) Lactic acid found in sour milk

Question 19

Give an example of the ester formation process?

Answer 19

For example, butyric acid reacts with ethanol to produce water and the ester ethyl butyrate, which is a component in pineapple flavor.

Question 20

Define an amine?

Answer 20

An organic compound in which an amine group (−NH2) replaces a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon.

Question 21

What are amines used for? Give an example.

Answer 21

For example, aniline is used to make dyes.

Amines are also essential for life

Question 22

What is the General Formula of Amines?

Answer 22

CnH2n+3N

Question 23

What is the Functional Group of Amines?

Answer 23

(−NH2)

Question 24

What are some examples of Amines? (Molecular Formula)

Answer 24

1) CH5N

2) C2H7N

Question 25

Define a thiol?

Answer 25

An organic compound in which the group (−SH) replaces a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon

Question 26

What are some uses of thiol?

Answer 26

1) Thiols have unpleasant odors, such as skunk spray 2) Natural gas has no odor. 3) To smell a gas leak, gas companies add small amounts of a thiol to natural gas to make people aware of leaks

Question 27

What is the General Formula of thiol?

Answer 27

CnH2n+2S

Question 28

What is the Functional Group of thiol?

Answer 28

(−SH)

Question 29

What are some examples of thiol? (Molecular Formula)

Answer 29

1) CH4S | 2) C2H6S

Question 30

Define a halocarbon?

Answer 30

A substituted hydrocarbon with a halogen, such as chlorine or bromine, in place of a hydrogen atom.

Question 31

list some uses of halocarbons:

Answer 31

Tetrachloroethene is used as a solvent in dry cleaning and as a starting material for making nonstick coatings on cookware

Question 32

What are some examples of halocarbons?

Answer 32

1) Chloromethane 2) Dichloromethane 3) Tetrachloroethene

Question 33

Define an aromatic compound?

Answer 33

A compound containing a benzene structure is an aromatic compound.

Question 34

________________ have a distinctive smell. They contribute to the smell of cloves, cinnamon, and vanilla.

Answer 34

Aromatic compounds

Question 35

list, using examples, some uses of aromatic compounds?

Answer 35

Some aromatic compounds are used to produce pleasant odors or tastes. - For example, methyl salicylate produces a fresh wintergreen fragrance. - Other aromatic compounds have less pleasant flavors and smell such as Aspirin which has a sour taste