1.2 - Substituted hydrocarbons Flashcards
Define a substituted hydrocarbon?
A substituted hydrocarbon that has one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms, or groups of atoms of other elements.
Identify substituted hydrocarbons that contain oxygen?
Alcohols, organic (carboxylic) acids, and esters
What is the General Formula of Alcohol?
CnH2n+1OH or CnH2n+2O
What is the Functional Group of Alcohol?
─ OH
What are some examples of Alcohol? (Molecular Formula)
1) CH3OH or CH4O
2) C2H5OH or C2H6O
3) C3H7OH or C3H8O
What is the General Formula of Organic Acid?
CnH2nO2
What is the Functional Group of Organic Acid?
Carboxyl (−COOH)
What are some examples of Organic Acid? (Molecular Formula)
1) CH2O2
2) C2H4O2
3) C3H6O2
What is the General Formula of Esters?
CnH2nO2
What is the Functional Group of Esters?
(−COOC−)
What are some examples of Esters? (Molecular Formula)
1) C2H4O2
2) C3H6O2
3) C4H8O2
Define alcohol?
An organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (−OH) replaces a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon
List some uses of alcohol?
1) Ethanol is used as a solvent and as a disinfectant
2) Rubbing alcohol is used for rubbing aching muscles
Define esters?
An ester is a substituted hydrocarbon with a (−COOC−) group
Explain how esters are formed?
Esters are made by reacting an alcohol with organic acid
Organic acid + Alcohol ⟶ ester + water
List some uses of esters?
1) To make commercial soaps
2) To make fibers for clothing
3) As a flavoring agent such as fruit-flavored soft drinks and desserts
4) To make perfumes and odors that smell like fruits. For example, octyl ethanoate smells like oranges, and both isopentyl ethanoate and butyl ethanoate smell like bananas.
Define an organic (carboxylic) acid?
An organic compound in which a carboxyl group (−COOH) replaces one of the hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon.
List, using examples, some uses of organic acids?
1) Ethanoic acid, also known as acetic acid, is an organic acid found in vinegar.
2) Citric acid found in citrus fruits, such as oranges and lemons
3) Lactic acid found in sour milk
Give an example of the ester formation process?
For example, butyric acid reacts with ethanol to produce water and the ester ethyl butyrate, which is a component in pineapple flavor.
Define an amine?
An organic compound in which an amine group (−NH2) replaces a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon.
What are amines used for? Give an example.
For example, aniline is used to make dyes.
Amines are also essential for life
What is the General Formula of Amines?
CnH2n+3N
What is the Functional Group of Amines?
(−NH2)
What are some examples of Amines? (Molecular Formula)
1) CH5N
2) C2H7N
Define a thiol?
An organic compound in which the group (−SH) replaces a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon
What are some uses of thiol?
1) Thiols have unpleasant odors, such as skunk spray
2) Natural gas has no odor.
3) To smell a gas leak, gas companies add small amounts of a thiol to natural gas to make people aware of leaks
What is the General Formula of thiol?
CnH2n+2S
What is the Functional Group of thiol?
(−SH)
What are some examples of thiol? (Molecular Formula)
1) CH4S
2) C2H6S
Define a halocarbon?
A substituted hydrocarbon with a halogen, such as chlorine or bromine, in place of a hydrogen atom.
list some uses of halocarbons:
Tetrachloroethene is used as a solvent in dry cleaning and as a starting material for making nonstick coatings on cookware
What are some examples of halocarbons?
1) Chloromethane
2) Dichloromethane
3) Tetrachloroethene
Define an aromatic compound?
A compound containing a benzene structure is an aromatic compound.
________________ have a distinctive smell. They contribute to the smell of cloves, cinnamon, and vanilla.
Aromatic compounds
list, using examples, some uses of aromatic compounds?
Some aromatic compounds are used to produce pleasant odors or tastes.
- For example, methyl salicylate produces a fresh wintergreen fragrance.
- Other aromatic compounds have less pleasant flavors and smell such as Aspirin which has a sour taste
