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Year 3 - Sci Lit Final > 12 - Qualitative Research 1 & 2 > Flashcards

12 - Qualitative Research 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic differences between quantitative and qualitative research

A
  • Quantitative = objective, how many/ much of a phenomenon occurs, sample size is large and generalizable to the entire population, conclusive
  • Qualitative = subjective, understand why a certain phenomenon occurs, sample size is small and not generalizable, exploratory
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2
Q

Goal of qualitative research

A

Generate in-depth accounts from individuals or groups

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3
Q

Types of qualitative research

A
  • Ethnography
  • Phenomenology
  • Grounded theory
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4
Q

What is ethnography?

A
  • Methodology that aims to understand the meanings and behaviours associated w/ membership of groups, teams, etc. through collection of observational and interview data
  • Participant observation
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5
Q

What is phenomenology?

A
  • Theoretical framework that focuses on exploring how individuals make sense of the world
  • Aims to provide insightful accounts into the subjective experience of these individuals
  • How the individuals subjective reality applied to make experiences meaningful
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6
Q

What is grounded theory?

A
  • Methodology that uses iterative data collection (ex: interviews, observations) and analysis to build theories about social phenomena
  • Emphasis on the development of a theory
  • Theory is “grounded” in the data that is systematically collected and analyzed
  • Generalizable theory – making comparisons across situations
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7
Q

How does qualitative research apply to drug therapies?

A
  • Applications to drug use and abuse
  • Can be used to understand micro and macro dimensions of drug use and distributions
  • Can be used to more effectively design, monitor, and evaluate drug use-related interventions
  • Can be used to address the politics of drug/drug program representation
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8
Q

Ethnography is rooted in _____

A

Anthropology

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9
Q

Phenomenology is rooted in ____

A

Philosophy

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10
Q

Grounded theory is rooted in _____

A

Social sciences

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11
Q

What is “formative” research?

A
  • Either the collection of background data prior to intervention development
  • Or the use of focus groups to pilot test instruments prior to their use in a population
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12
Q

How many stages of formative research are there?

A

8

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13
Q

Describe stage 1 of formative research

A
  • Inform researchers about important aspects of drug use

- Involve users/ ex-users of drugs, supplies, community members, etc.

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14
Q

Describe stage 2 of formative research

A

Identify and define problems that need to be solved from the perspectives of individuals involved

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15
Q

Describe stage 3 of formative research

A

Generate a list of options for interventions at different levels (ex: community, clinic, etc.)

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16
Q

Describe stage 4 of formative research

A

Assess positives and negatives associated w/ possible interventions by considering feasibility and how different stakeholders will respond to each option

17
Q

Describe stage 5 of formative research

A

Identify best way for conveying info and/or changing behaviour

18
Q

Describe stage 6 of formative research

A
  • Monitor responses in real time
  • Can facilitate mid-course correction of interventions based on the response
  • Any sources of resistance/ difficulties are documented
19
Q

Describe stage 7 of formative research

A

Outcome evaluation

20
Q

Describe stage 8 of formative research

A

Assess how the intervention and results are being presented to the public and scientific community

21
Q

Give examples of tobacco ethnographies

A
  • Spaces where smoking occurs
  • Tobacco industry = vector promoting nicotine dependency and smoking-related disease
  • Vector manipulates agent (nicotine delivery devices), host through social engineering (advertising), environment (maximizing accessibility legally and illegally)
22
Q

What are the types of qualitative methods used for formative research?

A
  • Participant observation
  • Structured observations
  • Key informant interviews
  • Semi-structured open-ended interviews
  • Card prompts
  • Visual aids (photographic prompts)
  • Narrative data (biological approach)
  • Case following
  • Focus groups
23
Q

Describe participant observation

A
  • Social scientist observes naturally occurring events (not a fly on the wall)
  • Positioned and interacting w/ those being studied
24
Q

Describe key informant interviews

A
  • One cultivates a relationship so as to get a better handle on what is occurring in a particular local setting
  • Develops over time
  • Generally, cultivate a relationship w/ 2-3 people from each major group under study
25
Q

Describe focus groups

A
  • Used sometimes to designate a group discussion
  • Carefully selected individuals that are recruited to facilitate an exchange of opinions on a carefully selected subject area
  • Selected b/c common experience or similar characteristics
26
Q

What are some qualitative research questions that can be posed during an RCT?

A
  • What difference (apart from measured) exists between groups created through randomization?
  • Any contextual changes occurred during study?
  • How was the drug program implemented, and why?
  • What happened to people assigned to different arms of the study between the pre and post periods?
  • Why did changes occur or not occur between the pre and post period?
27
Q

Define saturation

A

When new participants no longer elicit new trends or themes not already raised by previous participants

28
Q

What are some examples of different sampling?

A
  • Deviant case sampling
  • Intensity sampling
  • Heterogeneous sample
  • Snowball sampling (informants identify others who know a lot about the issue)
29
Q

What is a “thick description”?

A

Contextual info to provide readers w/ a sense of what it is like to have been in the research setting

30
Q

What is triangulation?

A

Use of multiple methods or perspectives to help produce more comprehensive set of findings

31
Q

What is reflexivity?

A

Recognition of the influence a researcher brings to the research process

32
Q

Does qualitative research typically have a smaller or larger sample size?

A

Smaller b/c it involves more in-depth interviews, so generally only applicable to fewer px

Year 3 - Sci Lit Final (10 decks)

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