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Adv Bio Unit 1 > 1.2- Proteins > Flashcards

1.2- Proteins Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genome

A

the total genetic material in a cell

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2
Q

Proteome

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome

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3
Q

What is larger, the proteome or the number of genes?

A

proteome

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4
Q

Why is the proteome bigger than the genome?

A

more than one protein can be produced from a single gene as a result of alternative RNA splicing

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5
Q

Genes that do not code for proteins

A

non-coding RNA genes:
tRNA
rRNA
RNA molecules that control the expression of other genes.

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6
Q

Some factors affecting the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type

A

the metabolic activity of the cell
cellular stress
the response to signalling molecules
diseased versus healthy cells

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells have a ….. membrane

A

plasma (cell membrane)

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8
Q

Plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells

A

It is the boundary around the outside of the cell.

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells also have a system of …… membranes

A

internal

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10
Q

What does the system of internal membranes in eukaryotes do?

A

increases the total area of the membrane.

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11
Q

Two types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

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12
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

forms a network of membrane tubules with the nuclear membrane.

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13
Q

Rough ER (RER)

A

has ribosomes on its cytosolic face

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14
Q

Smooth ER (SER)

A

lacks ribosomes

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15
Q

The Golgi apparatus

A

a series of flattened membrane discs

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-bound organelles containing a variety of hydrolases
digest proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.

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17
Q

Hydrolases

A

enzymes that catalyse the cleavage of a covalent bond using water.

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18
Q

Vesicles

A

transport materials between membrane compartments.

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19
Q

Membranes are made of

A

lipids and proteins

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20
Q

Lipids are synthesised in the

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and inserted into its membrane.

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21
Q

The synthesis of cytosolic proteins (proteins found in the cytoplasm) is completed in the

A

cytosolic ribosomes, and these proteins remain in the cytosol

22
Q

Transmembrane proteins carry a

A

signal sequence

23
Q

Transmembrane proteins carry a signal sequence, which

A

halts translation of the protein at the cytosolic ribosome AND directs the ribosome synthesising the protein to dock with the ER, forming RER.

24
Q

what is a signal sequence

A

a short stretch of amino acids at one end of the polypeptide that determines the eventual location of a protein in a cell

25
Q

Translation continues after docking, and the protein is inserted into the

A

membrane of the ER

26
Q

Once a protein has been synthesised at the ER, it can move…

A

around the cell to where ever it is needed.

27
Q

Once the proteins are in the ER, they are transported by

A

vesicles

28
Q

Once the proteins are in the ER, they are transported by vesicles that bud off and fuse with

A

the Golgi apparatus.

29
Q

Molecules move through the Golgi discs in vesicles that

A

bud off from one disc and fuse to the next one in the stack.

30
Q

As proteins move through the Golgi apparatus they undergo

A

post-translational modification

31
Q

post-translational modification

A 
when the polypeptide chains have carbohydrates or phosphates added to them OR
 are cleaved (cut) to make them an active protein
32
Q

Vesicles that leave the Golgi apparatus take proteins to the

A

plasma membrane and lysosomes (which has a membrane)

33
Q

Vesicles move along microtubules to other membranes and

A

fuse with them within the cell.

34
Q

Microtubules

A

structures that make up the cell’s cytoskeleton and offer support and a means of transport

35
Q

cells often secrete substances

A

they release substances made inside the cell to the outside

36
Q

secrete substances examples

A

Peptide hormones eg. Insulin and digestive enzymes eg. Trypsin are examples of secreted proteins.

37
Q

Secreted proteins are translated in

A

ribosomes on the RER and enter its lumen

They bud off the RER in a vesicle and go to the Golgi apparatus.

38
Q

(secreted substances)

The proteins move through the Golgi apparatus and are then packaged into

A

secretory vesicles

These vesicles move to and fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the proteins out of the cell.

39
Q

Many secreted proteins are synthesised as ………..precursors and require ………… clevage to produce active proteins.

A

Many secreted proteins are synthesised as inactive precursors and require proteolytic cleavage to produce active proteins.

40
Q

Proteolytic cleavage is a type of

A

post-translational modification where the polypeptide is cut.

41
Q

Digestive enzymes are one example of

A

secreted proteins that require proteolytic cleavage to become active.

42
Q

Proteins distinguishing feature is their…

A

folded nature and their ability to bind tightly and specifically to other molecules.

43
Q

peptide bond

A

a strong covalent bond between a carbon atom of one amino acid and the nitrogen atom of another amino acid C-N
water is removed to allow the bond to form

44
Q

Proteins are …… of of amino acid …

A

Proteins are polymers of amino acid

monomers

45
Q

2 functional groups in amino acids

A

amine group H-N-H

acid group COOH

46
Q

The main categories amino acids are split into (by R group)

A
  • polar
  • hydrophobic
  • acidic (negatively charged- carboxyl)
  • basic (positively charged- amino group)
47
Q

Acidic R groups

A

end with a negatively charged group (-)
hydrophilic
carboxylic acid group -COOH

48
Q

Basic R groups

A

end with a positively charged group
hydrophilic
amine group -NH2/3

49
Q

Polar R groups

A

slightly charged
hydrophilic
carbonyl (CO), hydroxyl (OH), amine (NH) groups

50
Q

Hydrophobic R groups

A

hydrophobic
do not have charges
non-polar
hydrocarbon group -CH3, long chains of CH and rings

Adv Bio Unit 1 (6 decks)

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