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South College Human Anatomy 2 > 1.2 Osteology and Arthrology of the Neck > Flashcards

1.2 Osteology and Arthrology of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the upper cervical spine?

A

C0-C1 through C1-C2

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2
Q

What is the lower cervical spine?

A

C2-3 through C6-C7

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3
Q

What are the joints of the vertebral bodies?

A
  • Interbody joints

- Uncovertebral joints

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4
Q

What are the joints of the vertebral arches?

A

Zygophphyseal joints

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5
Q

What are the joints of the upper cervical spine?

A
  • Atlanto-occipital joint (C0-C1)

- Atlanto-axial joints (C1-C2)

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6
Q

Joint type for interbody joints

A
  • Symphysis

- Secondary cartilaginous joint

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7
Q

Function of interbody joint

A
  • Weight bearing

- Shock absorbing

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8
Q

Articulating surfaces

A
  • Inferior and superior vertebral bodies

- Connected by IV discs and ligaments

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9
Q

Parts of the IV disc

A
  • Annulus fibrosus

- Nucleus pulposus

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10
Q

Annulus fibrosus

A
  • Made up of concentric rings

- Insert onto the epiphyseal rims of vertebral bodies

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11
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A
  • 85% water at birth
  • Acts as a semifluid fulcrum
  • Dehydrates with age
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12
Q

Movements of the interbody joint

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Lateral flexion
  • Rotation
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13
Q

Ligaments for the interbody joints

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament

- Posterior longitudinal ligament

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14
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Resists extension

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15
Q

Where does the ALL attach?

A

Connects w/ anterolateral aspects of vertebral bodies and IV discs

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16
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Resists flexion

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17
Q

Where does the PLL attach?

A

Attaches mostly to the IV discs on posterior side of vertebrae

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18
Q

How does the PLL compare to the ALL?

A

More narrow and weaker compared to ALL

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19
Q

How innervated is the PLL?

A

Well innervated w/ nociceptors

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20
Q

Where are the uncovertebral joints found?

A
  • B/t the uncinate processes of the C3-C6 vertebrae

- Lateral and posterolateral margins of IV discs

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21
Q

Describe what is unique about the articulating surfaces of the uncovertebral joints?

A
  • Covered cartilage

- Enclose a fluid-filled cavity

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22
Q

What is the clinical significance of the uncovertebral joints?

A

Frequent site of bone spurs, causing neck pain

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23
Q

What type of joints are the zygapophyseal joints?

A

Synovial plane

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24
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the zygapophyseal joints?

A

Superior and inferior articular facets of the articular processes

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25
Q

Describe the orientation of the articular facets in zygapophyseal joints

A
  • Superior face anterior/inferior

- Inferior face posterior superior

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26
Q

Describe the joint capsule for the zygapophyseal joints

A

Loose

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27
Q

Movements of the zygapophyseal joints

A

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

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28
Q

Why are the zygapophyseal joints in the cervical spine so free?

A
  • IV discs are thick relative to vertebral bodies
  • Facet joint articular surfaces are large
  • Joint planes are nearly horizontal
  • Joint capsules in facet joints are loose
  • Neck is slender, less surrounding soft tissue bulk
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29
Q

Where do the innervation of the zygopophyseal joints come from?

A

Articular branches coming from medial branches of posterior rami

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30
Q

What are the ligaments of the zygopophyseal joints?

A
  • Ligamentum flavum
  • Interspinous ligament
  • Nuchal ligament
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31
Q

Where is the ligamentum flavum found?

A

Binds lamina from above to below

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32
Q

Function of ligamentum flavum

A
  • Resist separation of the vertebral laminae through abrupt flexion
  • Preserve posture
  • Assist with straightening the column after flexing
33
Q

Where are the interspinous ligaments found?

A
  • Connects interspinous processes

- Articulates with superior and inferior aspects of spinous process

34
Q

What is the nuchal ligament?

A

Strong median ligament of neck

35
Q

What is the nuchal ligament made of?

A

Fibro-elastic tissue

36
Q

What are the attachments for the nuchal ligament

A
  • Supraspinous ligament merges superiorly w/ nuchal ligament
  • External occipital protuberance and posterior border of foramen magnum
  • Spinous process of cervical vertebrae
37
Q

Function of nuchal ligament

A

Substitutes for muscular attachments for spinous processes of C3-C5 (they’re way small)

38
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint (CO-1) type

A

Synovial condyloid

39
Q

Articulating surfaces of atlanto-occipital joint

A

Lateral masses of C1 (atlas) and occipital condyles

40
Q

Describe the joint capsule of atlanto-occipital joint

A

Thin and loose

41
Q

Movements of the atlanto-occipital joints

A
  • Nodding the head (flexion and extension), like the “yes” movement
  • Little lateral flexion and rotation
42
Q

Ligaments of the atlanto-occipital joints

A
  • Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

- Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

43
Q

Attachments of anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

A

From anterior arch of C1 to anterior margin of foramen magnum

44
Q

Attachments posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

A

From posterior arch of C1 to posterior margin of foramen magnum

45
Q

What are the atlanto-axial joints (C1-2)

A
  • Lateral atlanto-axial

- Median atlanto-axial joint

46
Q

Lateral atlanto-axial joint type

A

Synovial plane

47
Q

Articulations of Lateral atlanto-axial joint

A
  • Lateral masses of C1

- Superior facets of C2

48
Q

Capsule of Lateral atlanto-axial joints

A

-

49
Q

Movements of atlanto-axial joints

A

Rotation of head, “no” movement

50
Q

Median atlanto-axial joint Type

A

Synovial pivot

51
Q

Articulating surfaces of Median atlanto-axial joint

A
  • Dens of C2

- Anterior arch and transverse ligament of C1

52
Q

Capsule of Median atlanto-axial joint

A

-

53
Q

Movements of Median atlanto-axial joint

A

Rotation of head, “no” movement

54
Q

How is the dens of C2 held in place anteriorly?

A

Anterior arch of atlas

55
Q

How is the dens of C2 held in place posteriorly?

A

Transverse ligament of the atlas

56
Q

Ligaments of the atlanto-axial joint

A
  • Cruciate ligaments
  • Alar ligaments
  • Tectorial membrane
57
Q

Cruciate ligaments of the atlanto-axial joint

A
  • Transverse ligament

- Longitudinal bands

58
Q

Transverse ligament of the atlas attachments

A

B/t tubercles on medial aspect of lateral masses of C1

59
Q

Attachment for superior longitudinal band

A

From transverse ligament to occipital bone

60
Q

Attachment for inferior longitudinal band

A

From transverse ligament to body of C2

61
Q

How does the strength of the longitudinal bands compare to the transverse ligament?

A

Weaker

62
Q

Where do the alar ligaments attach?

A

From sides of the dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum

63
Q

Function of the alar ligaments

A

“Check ligaments”, preventing excessive rotation

64
Q

What is the tectorial membrane

A

Strong superior continuation of PLL

65
Q

Where does the tectorial membrane attach?

A

Across median atlanto-axial joint through foramen magnum to central floor of cranial cavity

66
Q

Describe the course of the tectorial membrane

A

From body of C2 to internal surface of occipital bone

67
Q

What does the tectorial membrane cover?

A

Covers alar and transverse ll. of atlas

68
Q

What is an often MOI for fracture and dislocation of atlas?

A

Vertical forces like hitting bottom of pool in a dive

69
Q

What does the fracture and dislocation of the atlas do?

A

Compresses lateral masses b/t occipital condyles and axis

70
Q

What happens if the force of the atlas fracture/dislocation is sufficient?

A
  • Rupture transverse ligament

- AKA Jefferson fracture

71
Q

What happens to the spinal cord with a fracture/dislocation of the atlas?

A

Does not mean there will be a spinal cord injury, but more likely if the transverse ligament is injured

72
Q

When does a vertebral dislocation occur?

A

If force is insufficient for frature

73
Q

Describe the effect of a vertebral dislocation on the spinal cord

A

Slight dislocations can occur in cervical spine w/o injury to spinal cord b/c of large central canal

74
Q

What ligament is most directly impacted with hyperextension of the neck?

A
  • AKA whiplash

- ALL may be severely stretched/torn

75
Q

What happens with a rupture of the transverse ligament of atlas?

A

Dens is set free, results in atlanto-axial subluxation

76
Q

What could happen if there is complete dislocation of the atlanto-axial joint?

A
  • Dens may be driven into upper cervical region of spinal cord, causing quadriplegia
  • If into the medulla of brainstem → death
77
Q

Which is weaker, the alar or transverse ligament?

A

alar ligament

78
Q

What causes the rupture of the alar ligament?

A

Flexion + rotation may tear one or both

79
Q

What is the effect of an alar ligament rupture?

A

Increased ROM of 30% to opposite side

South College Human Anatomy 2 (3 decks)

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