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Biology Unit 1 > 1.2 Nerves and Hormones > Flashcards

1.2 Nerves and Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What are sense organs?

A

Organs which contain receptors

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2
Q

What are receptors?

A

Cells that detect stimuli (changes in the environment)

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3
Q

Give examples of sense organs and the receptors (5)

A
  • Eyes - light receptors
  • Ears - sound receptors, “balance” receptors
  • Nose - smell (chemical) receptors
  • Tongue - taste (chemical) receptors
  • Skin - touch, pressure, pain and temperature receptors
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4
Q

How is information transferred from receptors?

A

Nerve impulses that are passed along in neurones

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5
Q

What are the different types of neurones? (3)

A

Sensory neurones, relay neurones, motor neurones

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6
Q

Where do sensory neurones carry nerve impulses to and from?

A

Receptors to the Central Nervous System

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7
Q

Where do relay neurones carry nerve impulses to and from?

A

Sensory neurones to motor neurones

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8
Q

Where do motor neurones carry nerve impulses to and from?

A

The Central Nervous System to the effector

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9
Q

What does the Central Nervous System consist of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles and glands that do something as a result of a neeve impulse

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11
Q

How are neurones connected together?

A

Synapses

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12
Q

How do synapses work?

A

The nerve impulse causes chemicals to be released which diffuse across the synapse and trigger another nerve impulse to be sent in the next neurone

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13
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Automatic respones to a specific stimulus. They help prevent injury

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14
Q

What are the stages in the reflex arc?

A
  • Stimulus
  • Receptor
  • Sensory neurone
  • Relay neurone
  • Motor neurone
  • Effector
  • Response
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15
Q

Why is the reflex arc quicker than the normal thing?

A

The reflex arc doesn’t use the brain so we don’t have to spend time thinking about it

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16
Q

What are the internal conditions of the body that need to be controlled?

A
  • Water content
  • Ion content
  • Temperature
  • Blood sugar levels
17
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

Bloodstream

18
Q

Where are hormones released from?

A

Glands

19
Q

What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Oestrogen
20
Q

What releases FSH and what does it do?

A

The pituitary gland. It causes eggs to mature in the ovaries. Stimulates the production of oestrogen

21
Q

What releases LH and what does it do?

A

Pituitary gland. It stimulates the release of an egg

22
Q

What releases oestrogen and what does it do?

A

Ovaries. Causes production of LH. Inhibits production of FSH

23
Q

What is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Lining of the uterus breaks down for about 4 days

24
Q

What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Lining of the uterus builds up from day 4 until day 14

25
Q

What is stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

An egg is released (day 14)

26
Q

What is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The wall is maintained for 14 days until day 28. If the egg isn’t fertilised, the cycle starts again

27
Q

What hormones can be used to reduce fertility?

A
  • Oestrogen - inhibits production of FSH therefore eggs aren’t produced
  • Progesterone - Stimulates production of thick cervical mucus which blocks sperm
28
Q

What hormones can be used to increase fertility?

A

Some women have low levels of FSH so eggs can’t mature. FSH and LH can be injected into these women to make eggs mature.

29
Q

What is in the pill and what are the advantages/disadvantes?

A

It contains oestrogen and progesterone.

Advantages:

  • Over 99% effective
  • Reduces the risk of some cancers

Disadvantages:

  • Not 100% effective
  • Side-effects
  • Doesn’t protect against STDs
30
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In vitro fertilisation

31
Q

What happens in IVF?

A

A woman’s eggs and a man’s sperm is collected. They are artifically ferilised and grown into embryos. 1 or 2 embryos are transferred into the woman’s uterus so she is likely to get pregnant.

32
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of IVF?

A

Advantages:

  • Allows an infertile couple to have a child

Disadvantages:

  • Some women have a strong reaction to the hormones
  • Possible increased risk of cancer
  • Multiple births are more common which make it more dangerous for the woman and the babies
33
Q

What are plants sensitive to?

A

Light, moisture and gravity

34
Q

How do plant’s shoots/roots grow in terms of light/gravity/moisture?

A

Shoots:

  • Towards light
  • Against gravity

Roots:

  • Towards moisture
  • With gravity
35
Q

What is the plant hormone that contols growth?

A

Auxin

36
Q

How do auxins make a plant grow towards light?

A

They move to the side of the shoot that is in the shade so that the cells grow faster on the shaded side and elongate towards the light

37
Q

What agricultural uses do plant hormones have? (2)

A
  • Selective weed killers
  • Rooting powder which makes plant cuttings’ roots to grow faster

Biology Unit 1 (8 decks)

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