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clinical pathology > 12 - leukocytes: morphology, kinetics and functions (E2 start) > Flashcards

12 - leukocytes: morphology, kinetics and functions (E2 start) Flashcards

1
Q

neutrophil morphology: bands vs mature

A

photo

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2
Q

what are granulocyte granules

A

lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes and antibacterial agents

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3
Q

when do primary granules appear

A

in late myeloblast/early promyelocyte stage

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4
Q

where do secondary granules appear

A

in myelocytes

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5
Q

what are heterophils

A

granulocytes equivalent of neutrophils, but variably stained red granules
- can be a challenge to differentiate from eosinophils, especially in histopath

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6
Q

what happens to lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes

A

lymphocytes recirculate to tissue from blood

some tissue eosinophils may return by lymphatics

some monocytes my shuttle back to bone marrow

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7
Q

what is the half life of neutrophils in blood

A

half life in blood about 5-10 hours normally

– they survive a few days in tissues normally
—- spontaneous apoptosis if they remain in blood

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8
Q

what happens to the neutrophils when there is epinephrine release or marked exercise in the body

A
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9
Q

what are the half lives of eosinophils and basophils in blood

A

eosinophils: less than one day

basophils: 2-3 days

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10
Q

what is the tissue survival time of eosinophils and basophils

A

eosinophils: weeks to months

basophils: a few days

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11
Q

what is the half life of monocytes in blood

A

1/2 to 3 days normally

  • develop into macrophage and dendritic cells in tissues where they survive weeks to months
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12
Q

what do monocytes and lymphocytes do in the lungs

A

marginating poll within lung capillaries

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13
Q

where are most lymphocytes

A

most lymphocytes are in lymphoid organs

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14
Q

how much lymphocytes are in blood

A

2-5% of total lymphocytes in blood

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15
Q

what are most blood lymphocytes

A

naive T and naive B lymphocytes

add photo

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16
Q

explain the recirculation of lymphocytes

A
  • half life in blood about 30 mins
  • about one day to migrate through a lymph node
  • memory lymphocytes favor return to a similar type of tissue
  • proliferating calls exhibit minimal migration
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17
Q

something about homing

A
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18
Q

what are the half lives of lymphocytes in blood (T, B and NK cells)

A

T-lymphocytes - years

B- lymphocytes - 2-3 weeks individual calls, proliferating clones for years

NK cells - half life 1-2 weeks in the circulation

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19
Q

what are the functions of neutrophils

A
  • defense against invading microorganisms primarily bacteria
  • recognize chemoattractants, migrate through the tissues and destroy invading bacteria
  • requires various surface adhesion molecules
    —- adhesion and spreading
    —- haptotaxis (like chemotaxis except surface bound movement)
    —- phagocytosis
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20
Q

neutrophil activation

A
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21
Q

explain haptotaxis (chemotaxis)

A

receptors for chemoattractants increased following activation

crawl using B1-3 integrin molecules binding to appropriate adhesion molecules within extracellular matrix

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22
Q

list some chemoattractants

A
  • IL8 and other chemokines
  • C5a, PAF, leukotriene B4
  • bacterial products recognized by toll-like receptors
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23
Q

what is leukocyte rolling

A
24
Q

mechanism of killing

A
25
Q

what are neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

A

neutrophils release NETS composed of processed chromatin fibers containing histones, proteins form granules, and selected cytoplasmic proteins

26
Q

what do NETs do

A

NETs can bind and kill bacteria, fungi, parasites, and possibly some viruses without phagocytosis

27
Q

what is NETosis and what does it require

A

an active form of cell death that is different from apoptosis or necrosis

  • NETosis requires the production of superoxide free radicals
28
Q

what other cells also release extracellular traps

A

eosinophils and mast cells also release extracellular traps

29
Q

what do band eosinophils look like

A
30
Q

Where are most eosinophils in tissue

A

most tissue eosinophils in GI mucosa

31
Q

what are the functions of eosinophils

A

have little phagocytic ability, with poor defense against bacteria and viruses

Have type 2 cytokine-induced inflammation ??

32
Q

what are type 2 cytokine-induced inflammation

A
  • produces type 1 hypersensitivity allergic reactions
  • host defense against helminths (rounds and flukes)
33
Q

how does the body try to kill helminths

A

organisms to large to phagocytize
so the body uses oxygen metabolites and major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil neurotoxin from granules damage/kill helminths (worms and flukes)

34
Q

basophils vs mast cells

A

add photo

35
Q

what are the functions or basophils and mast cells

A

basophils recruited to sites of inflammation after exposure to allergens, helminths ectoparasites
- release histamine and other mediators following antigen-IgE binding

36
Q

why are the granules in basophils and mast cells purple

A

granules: histamine bound to polyanions such as heparin giving granules purple color

37
Q

how do basophils and mast cells contribute to inflammation

A

expulsion of parasites and eosinophil recruitment

38
Q

what are the functions of monocytes

A

-phagocytosis, antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, cytokine production (inflammation, hematopoiesis)

  • rapidly mobilized from marrow in response to inflammatory conditions
  • chemoattractants are similar to neutrophils
  • less effective against bacteria than neutrophils and more effective against viruses, protozoa, fungi
39
Q

what happens with monocytes migrate to the tissue

A

monocytes migrate into tissue to become macrophages and dendritic cells

40
Q

what does M-CSF do to monocytes

A

M-CSF promotes transformation of monocyte to macrophages

– increase in size, granules (lysosomes), mitochondria, phagocytic capacity

41
Q

what are M1 macrophages

A

antimicrobial

42
Q

what are M2 macrophages

A

wound repair and tissue remodeling

43
Q

how are macrophages different from from neutrophils

A

migrate slower than neutrophils

most staying power (synthesize new membranes and lysosomes than neutrophils

more effective in viral, fungal, protozoal, helminth infections and less effective in bacterial infections

44
Q

how to macrophages link innate and adaptive immunity

A
  • toll-like receptors recognize bacterial molecules (ex LPS)
  • Fc and complement receptors for opsonized microorganisms
45
Q

what are the antimicrobial properties of macrophages

A

NADPH oxidase, but less myeloperoxidase than neutrophils

nitric oxide more important free radical for killing

46
Q

macrophage scavenger receptors

A
47
Q

how do macrophages accomplish immune modulation

A
  • antigen processing
  • tumor cell killing after sensitization by T lymphocytes
  • synthesis of various cytokines
48
Q

what do macrophages do to erythrocytes

A

degradation of phagocytized erythrocytes and iron release/stores

49
Q

what do intravenous macrophages do

A

removal of blood borne pathogens - intravenous macrophages (liver/spleen, pulmonary)

50
Q

other than being the clean up crew what do macrophages do

A

wound healing

51
Q

what is the function of T lymphocytes

A

cellular immunity
—– CD4+ TH lymphocytes and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes

  • produce cytokines that have effects on hematopoiesis
52
Q

what do CD4+ TH lymphocytes do

A

provide defense against pathogens and neoplasia by recruiting and activating various immune cells

53
Q

what do CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes do

A

they are antigen dependent cells that destroy target cells (ex virus infected cells, neoplastic cells)

54
Q

what are the functions of B lymphocyte functions

A

immunoglobulin production with participation form T lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages

55
Q

how are immunoblasts and plasma cells produced

A

Intact antigens recognize and bind to B cell receptors (BCRs)
- following activation Ig-producing immunoblasts and plasma cells are produced

56
Q

what immunoglobulins are produced

A

IgM initially and then IgG continued antigenic stimulation

57
Q

Explain NK cell function

A

– Generally appear as granular lymphocytes

activated NK cells bind to target tumor cells and virus- infected cells and induce apoptosis similar to cytotoxic T lymphocytes

clinical pathology (18 decks)

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