1.2 : introduction to Urinalysis Flashcards
It was the beginning of laboratory medicine
Analyzing urine
Drawings of cavemen and Egyptian hieroglyphics such as ____________ marked the beginning of laboratory medicine
Edwin smith surgical papyrus
On 5th century BC, ____________ wrote a book on ”uroscopy”
Hippocrates
This was when color charted had been developed that described the significance of 20 different color of urine
1140 CE
He discovered albuminuria through boiling urine
Frederick Dekkers
He developed methods of quantitating microscopic sediments in 1925
Thomas Addis
In 1827, he introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine px examination
Richard Bright
The charlatans were called Pisse prophets and were featured in a book published by
Thomas Bryant
The credibility of urinalysis became compromised when charlatans without medical credentials began offering their predictions to the public for a healthy fee. They were called
Pisse prophets
What are two unique features of urine specimen that accounted to its popularity
- Urine is readily available and easily collected
- Urine contains information
The kidneys continuously form urine as an ___________
ultrafiltrate of plasma
Reabsorption of water and filtered substances essential to body function converts approximately ____________ of filtered plasma to the average daily urine output of ___________, depending on fluid intake
170,000 mL of plasma = 1200 mL urine output
Urine composition
95% water
5% solute
What are the organic components of urine
- Urea
- Creatinine
- Uric Acid
What are the inorganic components of urine
- Chloride
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Phosphate
- Ammonium
- Calcium
It is a metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids, account for nearly half of the total dissolved solids in urine
Urea
T or F
Creatinine, urea, sodium, and chloride are significantly higher in urine than in other body fluids
Trye
It is a decrease in urine output
- infants : <1 mL/kg/hr infants
- children : <0.5 mL/kg/hr
- adults : <400 mL/day
the body enters a state of dehydration as a result of excessive water loss from vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration, or severe burns
Oliguria
It is the cessation of urine flow which is a result of any serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys
Anuria
T or F
The kidneys excrete 2x - 3x more urine during the day than during the night
True
An increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine is termed
Nocturia
An increase in daily urine volume
- adults : >2.5 L/day
- children : >2.5 to 3 mL/kg/day
Polyuria
Polyuria is usually associated with
Diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, or diuretics, caffeine, alcohol, or anything that suppress secretion of ADH
It is a primary organic component. Product of metabolism of protein and amino acids
Urea
It is a product of metabolism of creatine by muscles
Creatinine
Product of breakdown of nucleic acid in food and cells
Uric acid
Primary inorganic component. Found in combination with sodium (table salt) and many other inorganic substances
Chloride
Primarily from salt, varies by intake
Sodium
Combined with chloride and other salts
Potassium
Combines with sodium to buffer the blood
Phosphate
Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity
Ammonium
Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate
Calcium
Normal daily urine output
- 1200 - 1500 mL
- 600 - 2000 mL
DM or DI
Decreased SG
Diabetes insipidus
DM or DI
Decreased production or function of ADH
Diabetes Insipidus
DM or DI
Increased SG
Diabetes Mellitus
DM or DI
Decreased insulin or Decreased function of insulin
Diabetes Mellitus
DM or DI
Increased glucose
Diabetes Mellitus
Recommended capacity of spx container
50 mL
Amount of spx needed for analysis
12 mL
Most commonly received specimen
Random spx
Useful for screening test to detect obvious abnormalities
Random spx
May show erroneous result
Random spx
Ideal screening spx
First morning spx
Prevents false negative pregnancy test
First morning spx
For evaluations orthostatic proteinuria
First morning spx
For quantitative testing
Timed spx
Collected under sterile conditions bypassing a hollow tube (catheter) through the urethra into the b,adder
Catheterized spx
Safer, lesser traumatic method for obtaining urine
Midstream clean-catch spx
Less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria
Midstream clean-catch spx
External introduction of a needle through the abdomen
Suprapubic aspiration
3-glass collection spx collected
- 1st urine passed
- midstream portion
- massaged prostrate
Most vulnerable part of drug-testing program
Urine collection
Urine temperature must be taken within 4 minutes from the time of collection
32.5 - 37.7 C
