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Human Pathology And Immunology Sem 2 > 12 - Introduction To Pathology > Flashcards

12 - Introduction To Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

definition of disease

A

malfunctioning of bodyor mind

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2
Q

definition of health

A

complete, physical and mental well being

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3
Q

what is etiology

A

the cause

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4
Q

pathology definiton

A

structural and functional abnormalities that are expressed as disease of organs or systems

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5
Q

pathogenesesis definiton

A

how the etiologic agents cause disease

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6
Q

what is a lesion

A

unit of abnormality, usuially anatomical

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7
Q

what are symptoms definiton

A

what a patient complains . eg pain

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8
Q

what is inflammation (Symptoms)

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

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9
Q

prognosis definition

A

the prospect of recovery or survuival from a disease

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10
Q

what is epidemiology

A

study of causes, distribution and control of a disease in a population

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11
Q

what is a syndrome

A

a disease characterised by multiple abnormalities
eg. downs syndrome (mental and heart defects)

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12
Q

what is a lesion

A

structural abnormality responsible/ results due to ill health
eg. rash, growth on skin

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13
Q

etiology: what is the cause - list potential causes of disease/ illness
eg. diabetes, hypertension ,cancer etc

A

ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS:
physical, chemical, nutronal, infections, raditon, psychological

GENETIC:
genes, sex
- IMMUNOLOGICAL - SLE, rhuematoid artheristis
- METABOLIC DISORDERS

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14
Q

what is kwashiorkor disease due to

A

protein-energy malnutrion

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15
Q

list the factors considered in regards to classification of disease

A

CAUSATIVE AGENT - infectious/ genetics/ nutritional
INFLAMMATORY/ DEGENERATIVE/ NEOPLASTIC
ACUTE/ CHRONIC - days/ years
SYSTEM INVOLVED - cardio/ resp
PRIMARY/ SECONDARY CAUSES - primary (cause unknown/ unclear), secondary - (cause known)
CONGENITAL - abnormalities present at birth
ACQUIRED
MILD/ MODERATE/ SEVERE
BENIGN/ MALIGNANT

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16
Q

list the charcteristics of a disease considered

A

ETIOLOGY - cause
PARTHENOGENESIS - mechanism
MANIFESTATIONS
COMPLICATIONS - secondary effects
PROGNOSIS - outcome
DIAGNOSIS - signs and symptoms

17
Q

what is prevelance rate

A

total number of patients in population divided by number of individuals in population at a given time - used to describe chronic infections like TB

18
Q

what is incidence rate

A

total number of new cases reported in a specific time period (usually a year) divided by the size of a population at risk - used for notifiabel dioseases suvh as mengitis

19
Q

what is morta;ity rate

A

number of total deaths divided by total number of people in population, per unit time
eg. usually deaths per 1000 individuals per year

20
Q

congenital causes of disease can be 2 things

A

non genetic cause
genetc cause

21
Q

diseases due to mutatons in genes
list 2 inherited defective genes

A
  1. monogenic - eg. CF, sickle cell
  2. polygenic - eg. diabetes, asthma
22
Q

what is mitochondrial inhertiene

A

mediated by mitochondrial genes
inherit exclusively by maternal transmission
100% chance each child will inherit a mitochondrial disease
eg. mitochondrial myopathy

23
Q

give an example of acquired defective gene (after birth)

A

eg. neoplasms (tumours)

24
Q

sickle call anaemia and cancer are __________ induced diseases

A

muation

25
Q

mode of inheritance of genes - whats an allele

A

alternative form of a gene

26
Q

homozygous meaning

A

both genes are the same

27
Q

heterozygous

A

both genes are different

28
Q

what is autosomal domiannt

A

only 1 abnormal copy of the paired gene is necessary to manifest the disease
eg. poly-cystic kidney disease

29
Q

what is autosomal recessive

A

both copies of the paired gene are required to be abnormal to manifest he disease
eg CF

30
Q

what is X linked recessive disease

A

usually occur in males as they only have one X chromosome
eg. haemophilia A

31
Q

most individuals with down syndrome have trisomy __

A

21

Human Pathology And Immunology Sem 2 (5 decks)

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