12 - Introduction To Pathology Flashcards
definition of disease
malfunctioning of bodyor mind
definition of health
complete, physical and mental well being
what is etiology
the cause
pathology definiton
structural and functional abnormalities that are expressed as disease of organs or systems
pathogenesesis definiton
how the etiologic agents cause disease
what is a lesion
unit of abnormality, usuially anatomical
what are symptoms definiton
what a patient complains . eg pain
what is inflammation (Symptoms)
redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
prognosis definition
the prospect of recovery or survuival from a disease
what is epidemiology
study of causes, distribution and control of a disease in a population
what is a syndrome
a disease characterised by multiple abnormalities
eg. downs syndrome (mental and heart defects)
what is a lesion
structural abnormality responsible/ results due to ill health
eg. rash, growth on skin
etiology: what is the cause - list potential causes of disease/ illness
eg. diabetes, hypertension ,cancer etc
ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS:
physical, chemical, nutronal, infections, raditon, psychological
GENETIC:
genes, sex
- IMMUNOLOGICAL - SLE, rhuematoid artheristis
- METABOLIC DISORDERS
what is kwashiorkor disease due to
protein-energy malnutrion
list the factors considered in regards to classification of disease
CAUSATIVE AGENT - infectious/ genetics/ nutritional
INFLAMMATORY/ DEGENERATIVE/ NEOPLASTIC
ACUTE/ CHRONIC - days/ years
SYSTEM INVOLVED - cardio/ resp
PRIMARY/ SECONDARY CAUSES - primary (cause unknown/ unclear), secondary - (cause known)
CONGENITAL - abnormalities present at birth
ACQUIRED
MILD/ MODERATE/ SEVERE
BENIGN/ MALIGNANT
list the charcteristics of a disease considered
ETIOLOGY - cause
PARTHENOGENESIS - mechanism
MANIFESTATIONS
COMPLICATIONS - secondary effects
PROGNOSIS - outcome
DIAGNOSIS - signs and symptoms
what is prevelance rate
total number of patients in population divided by number of individuals in population at a given time - used to describe chronic infections like TB
what is incidence rate
total number of new cases reported in a specific time period (usually a year) divided by the size of a population at risk - used for notifiabel dioseases suvh as mengitis
what is morta;ity rate
number of total deaths divided by total number of people in population, per unit time
eg. usually deaths per 1000 individuals per year
congenital causes of disease can be 2 things
non genetic cause
genetc cause
diseases due to mutatons in genes
list 2 inherited defective genes
- monogenic - eg. CF, sickle cell
- polygenic - eg. diabetes, asthma
what is mitochondrial inhertiene
mediated by mitochondrial genes
inherit exclusively by maternal transmission
100% chance each child will inherit a mitochondrial disease
eg. mitochondrial myopathy
give an example of acquired defective gene (after birth)
eg. neoplasms (tumours)
sickle call anaemia and cancer are __________ induced diseases
muation
mode of inheritance of genes - whats an allele
alternative form of a gene
homozygous meaning
both genes are the same
heterozygous
both genes are different
what is autosomal domiannt
only 1 abnormal copy of the paired gene is necessary to manifest the disease
eg. poly-cystic kidney disease
what is autosomal recessive
both copies of the paired gene are required to be abnormal to manifest he disease
eg CF
what is X linked recessive disease
usually occur in males as they only have one X chromosome
eg. haemophilia A
most individuals with down syndrome have trisomy __
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