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Reproductive System > 12) Infections of Genital Tract > Flashcards

12) Infections of Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the most common STI in UK?

A

Chlamydia

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2
Q

What STIs are rising in number of cases?

A

Gonorrhoea and syphilis

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3
Q

Why is data on STIs an underestimate?

A

Undetected cases due to asymptomatic cases

STIs seen in variety of settings but data from GUM clinics

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4
Q

Who are at risk groups for STIs?

A

Young people
Certain ethnic groups (blacks > Asians)
Low socio-economic status
Unsafe sex and number of partners

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5
Q

Why is there increasing incidence of STIs?

A

Increased transmission - changing sexual behaviour
Increased GUM attendance
Increased awareness
Improved diagnostic methods

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6
Q

What is the burden caused by STIs?

A 
Acute and chronic infections
Stigma 
Consequent pathology 
Disseminated infections 
Transmission to fetus
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7
Q

In general, how should STIs be managed?

A

Single does or short course treatment - max adherence
Contact tracing
Education
Screen for co-infections

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8
Q

What is the most common viral STI?

A

Human papillomavirus

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9
Q

What are the two sets of serotypes of human papillomavirus and what do they cause?

A

HPV6 and 11 - genital warts

HPV16 and 18 - oncogenic (cervical or anogenital)

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10
Q

How is human papillomavirus diagnosed?

A

Biopsy and genome analysis, hybrid capture

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11
Q

What is the treatment for infection with human papillomavirus?

A

Spontaneous resolution but may need medication

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12
Q

What can be done to lower the risk of cervical cancer?

A

Vaccine (girls 12-13)

Screening - cervical smear or swab

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13
Q

What organism causes chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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14
Q

How does chlamydia present in females?

A

Commonly asymptomatic

Urethritis and can ascend to cause cervicitis, salpingitis and perihepatitis

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15
Q

How does chlamydia present in males?

A

Urethritis

Can cause epididymitis and prostatitis

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16
Q

How can chlamydia present in neonates?

A

Conjunctivitis and pneumonia

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17
Q

How is chlamydia diagnosed?

A

Endocervical and urethral swabs, 1st void urine

Then nucleic acid amplification or antigen detection

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18
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydia?

A

Doxycycline or azithromycin

Erythromycin in children

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19
Q

What does infection with herpes simplex virus 2 cause?

A

Genital herpes - painful genital ulceration, dysuria, fever and inguinal lymphadenopathy

20
Q

How is genital herpes diagnosed?

A

PCR of vesicle fluid

21
Q

How is genital herpes treated?

22
Q

How can the risk of being infected with herpes virus be decreased?

A

Barrier contraception

23
Q

What organism causes gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea, gram neg diplococci

24
Q

How does gonorrhoea present in males?

A

Urethritis and epididymitis

25
Q

How does gonorrhoea present in females?

A

Asymptomatic

But can cause urethritis, endocervicitis and PID

26
Q

What are the complications of gonorrhoea?

A

Disseminated gonococcal infection - skin and joint lesions

27
Q

How is gonorrhoea diagnosed?

A

Swab from urethra, cervix, rectum or pharynx

Gram stain

28
Q

What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?

A

Ceftriaxone (IM)

29
Q

What organism causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

30
Q

What is a risk factor for syphilis?

31
Q

What are the stages of syphilis infection?

A

1st - painless ulcer
2nd - fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, mucosal lesions
Latent
3rd - neurosyphills, CV syphilis and gummas (local destruction)

32
Q

How can syphilis be diagnosed?

A 
Darkfield microscopy (organism can't be grown)
EIA antibody test
33
Q

What is the treatment for syphilis?

A

Penicillin

34
Q

What is trichomonas vaginalis and what does it cause?

A

Flagellated protozoan causing vaginitis

35
Q

How does vaginitis present?

A

Thin, frothy discharge, irritation, dysuria and vaginal inflamm

36
Q

How can vaginitis be diagnosed?

A

Vaginal wet preparation and culture

37
Q

How can vaginitis be treated?

A

Metronidazole

38
Q

What organism causes vulvovagnial candidiasis?

A

Candida albicans

39
Q

What are the risk factors for getting vulvovaginal candidiasis?

A

Antibiotics, oral contraceptives and pregnancy

40
Q

How does vulvovaginal candidiasis present?

A

White, itchy discharge

41
Q

How is vulvovaginal candidiasis diagnosed and treated?

A

High vaginal smear

Azoles, nystatin or fluconazole

42
Q

What organisms can cause bacterial vaginosis?

A

Gardnerella, anaerobes and mycoplasms

43
Q

How does bacterial vaginosis present?

A

Offensive, fishy discharge

44
Q

How is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed?

A

Vaginal pH > 5

Whiff test or gram stain

45
Q

How is bacterial vaginosis treated?

A

Metronidazole

Reproductive System (24 decks)

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